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1、大学物理(英文版)大学物理(英文版)多媒体课件多媒体课件IntroductionChapter 1 KinematicsChapter 2 Newtons Laws of MotionChapter 3 Work and EnergyChapter 4 MomentumChapter 5 Rotation of a rigid bodyChapter 6 The Kinetic Theory of GasesChapter 7 Fundamentals of ThermodynamicsVolume 1Introduction2001.9.11 Catastrophe(大灾难)(大灾难)宇宙:
2、约宇宙:约1250亿个星系,亿个星系,每个星系由数千亿个恒星每个星系由数千亿个恒星组成。组成。银河系银河系太阳系:地球,星星太阳系:地球,星星看得见的:你我他它看得见的:你我他它分子分子原子原子原子核原子核基本粒子基本粒子相对论相对论天体物理天体物理经典物理经典物理:力学,热等力学,热等量子力学量子力学核物理核物理量子场论量子场论物物质质世世界界银河系银河系相对论相对论天体物理天体物理量子天体量子天体物理学物理学史蒂芬史蒂芬.霍金霍金时间简史时间简史 The GalaxySun: Earth,PlanetsThe body we can seeMoleculesatomsnucleieleme
3、ntary particles The general reletivityastrophsicsNewtons Mechanics Heat,Thermodynamics Electromagnetic TheoryQuantum MechanicsNuclear PhysicsQuantum Field Theory TheoryOur world and universe宇宙半径:宇宙半径:1026 m地球地球1024 kg银河系:银河系:1044 kg我们的母亲:我们的母亲:地球地球原子核半径:原子核半径:10-15 m电子质量:电子质量:10-31 kg河外星系:河外星系:1024
4、m银河中心系:银河中心系:1020 m太阳太阳1030 kg:1011 m月亮月亮:108 m1969年年7月月16日日美国东部时间美国东部时间9时时23分分 阿波罗阿波罗11号发射升空。号发射升空。三天后三天后阿姆斯特朗阿姆斯特朗奥尔德林奥尔德林柯林斯柯林斯Mars(火星)机遇号机遇号The surface of Mars(火星表面)火星表面)Our world and UniverseUniverseElementary particlesThe ancient physicsThe classical physicsThe modern physicsIn the view of phy
5、sics history:主要讲授内容:主要讲授内容:经典力学经典力学相对论相对论热学热学电磁学电磁学波动光学波动光学振动与波动振动与波动量子论简介量子论简介日常生活日常生活PhysicsChemistry 化学化学Biology生物学生物学Computer计算机科学计算机科学Mechanics 机械学机械学Medicine 医学医学Physics: fundamentals and methods.References(参考书)参考书)张达宋张达宋 物理学基本教程物理学基本教程李行一等,李行一等, 物理学基本教程教学参考书物理学基本教程教学参考书李行一等,李行一等,物理学基本教程物理学基本教
6、程习题分析与解答习题分析与解答张三慧等,张三慧等, 大学物理学大学物理学Halliday et.al Fundamentals of PhysicsW. Sears et.al University Physics史蒂芬史蒂芬.霍金,霍金,时间简史时间简史盛正卯等,盛正卯等,物理学与人类文明物理学与人类文明B.K.里德雷,时间、空间和万物里德雷,时间、空间和万物.Part One Mechanics 力学力学Chapter 1 Kinematics (运动学)质点运动学(运动学)质点运动学1-1 参考系参考系 质点质点 Frame of reference particle1-2 位置矢量位置
7、矢量 位移位移 Position vector and displacement13 速度速度 加速度加速度 Velocity and acceleration1-4 两类运动学问题两类运动学问题 Two types of Problems1-6 运动描述的相对性运动描述的相对性 Relative motion1-5 圆周运动及其描述圆周运动及其描述 Circular motion1. 理解描述质点运动物理量的定义及其矢量性、相理解描述质点运动物理量的定义及其矢量性、相对性和瞬时性;对性和瞬时性;2. 掌握运动方程的物理意义,会用微积分方法求解掌握运动方程的物理意义,会用微积分方法求解运动学两
8、类问题;运动学两类问题;3. 掌握平面抛体运动和圆周运动的规律;掌握平面抛体运动和圆周运动的规律;4. 理解运动描述的相对性,会用速度合成定理和加理解运动描述的相对性,会用速度合成定理和加速度合成定理解题。速度合成定理解题。教教 学基本学基本 要要 求求重要历史人物重要历史人物伽利略伽利略Galileo Galilei: 15641642意大利物理学意大利物理学家、数学家、天文学家,家、数学家、天文学家,近代实验科学的创始人。近代实验科学的创始人。主要贡献:主要贡献:发明了望远镜,维护、坚持和发展了哥白尼学发明了望远镜,维护、坚持和发展了哥白尼学说,发现木星的四个卫星;说,发现木星的四个卫星;
9、摆的等时性、惯性定律、落体运动定律;摆的等时性、惯性定律、落体运动定律;运动的合成原理和独立性原理,相对性原理;运动的合成原理和独立性原理,相对性原理;方法:实验科学。方法:实验科学。1-1 Frame of Reference Particle(质点)质点)1. Frame of Reference(参照系)(参照系) When we discuss the position and the velocity(速度)(速度) of an object ,we must answer the questions: “position with respect to(相对于)(相对于) what
10、?” and “Velocity with respect to what?” If we choose different objects as the reference frames to describe the motion of a given body,the indications(结果)结果) will be different. It is convenient to take the earths surface a s o u r f r a m e o f reference in most cases in this course.( What cases?)Coo
11、rdinate system(坐标(坐标系)系): fixed on the frame, relative to which position, velocity, acceleration and orbit of the object can be specified quantitatively. Cartesian Coordinate system(直角直角坐标系):坐标系):oXZFigure 1-2Quantitatively:定量地定量地2. Particles(质点)质点) Particle(质点)质点) is an ideal model, in some circums
12、tances(情况、形势)(情况、形势). We can treat a body as a particle, and concentrate on its translational motion(平动)平动) and ignore(忽略)(忽略) all the other motions.点:点:有质量有质量无大小无大小无体积无体积3. Time(时刻)(时刻)and time interval(时间)时间)Time t is a given instant, and time interval(间隔)间隔)t is the difference of two given instan
13、ts. We use the former to describe(描述)(描述) the state of the object, the latter to describe the process.(过程)(过程) 4.Units(单位)单位)International System of Units(SI: Systme International dUnits 法语)法语) is used in Chinakg:千克千克 kilogrammlengthm:米米 meterLTimets:秒秒 secondmass5. Scalar and vector(标量和矢量)(标量和矢量):T
14、wo types of physical quantities(量)(量):Scalars: mass, length, speed, temperature.Vectors: velocity, acceleration, momentum.Vector A( black) : its magnitude(大小)大小) and direction(方向)(方向) may be represented by a line OP directed from the initial point O to the terminal(终)(终) point P and denoted(标记)(标记)
15、byOPoPAAddition(加)(加): The two vectorsA and B is added in followingway:C=A+B B ACABIn Cartesian coordinate system(直角坐标系)(直角坐标系): kAjAiAAzyxare unit vectors along OX,OY,OZkandji,OXYZIn two dimension(维)(维):jAiAAyxOXYxAyAxyAAtgjBAiBAABjCiCCyyxxyx)()(If jAiAAyxand jBiBByx, we have:xxxBACyyyBACObviously(
16、显然)显然):In one dimensionIn two dimensionIn three dimensionIn our teaching, we will mainly deal with(涉及)(涉及) two dimensional motions: motion in a plane.Rectilinear motion(直线)(直线)Curvilinear motion(曲线)(曲线)Circular motion(圆周)(圆周)Mechanical motions(机械运动)(机械运动)1-2 Position Vector and DisplacementP(x,y,z)z
17、rYX1. Position VectorPosition vector is a vector that extents from the origin of the coordinate system to the particles position as shown in Figurerkzj yi xr222zyxrr Magnitude:rxcosrzcosrycosIn the two dimension:jtyitxtrr)()()(Its two components(分量)(分量))()(tyytxx)(xyy Path equation(轨迹方程)轨迹方程)elimina
18、ting消去消去xyoPr)y,x(2. Displacement(位移位移):Displacement is introduced to describe the change in position during a given time interval:rxyoP1r1t2t2rr12rrrThat isjyyixxjyixjyixr)()(12121122xyoP1r1t2t2rrIts magnitude(大小(大小)212212)()(yyxxrThe geometrical(几何)(几何) meaning of and the differences among them. r
19、rs ,rsNote:Example 1.1: A particle is located at at jir751 and at at . Find the displacement in this time interval.jir5321t2tSolution:jijirrr28755312)()(1-3 Velocity(速度)(速度) and Acceleration(加速度)(加速度) Average(平均)(平均) velocity: 1.Velocity1212ttrrtrVwhich has a direction as same as that of rAverage sp
20、eed(速率)速率):tsV所用的时间走过的路程xyoP1r1t2t2rrsxyoPrt2t2rrV(Instantaneous 瞬时)瞬时) velocity at time t:trtrtVtdd0limIt is in the tangent(切线)切线) of the path and points at the advance direction.Direction:xyoPrtVMagnitude(大小):大小):VtstrttddV0limV-speed(瞬时)速率瞬时)速率时弧长等于弦长时弧长等于弦长0tIn the coordinate system:jViVjtyitxtr
21、VyxddddddtyVtxVyxddddxyoPrtVxVyVMagnitude of the velocity:22yxVVVThe angle formed between and +x direction is determined byVxyVV1 tanExample 1-2: A rabbit runs across a parking lot(近路)近路) on which a set of coordinate axes has, strangely enough, been draw. The coordinates of the rabbits position as f
22、unction of time t are given by:3019220282731022ttyttx.with t in seconds and x and y in meters. Find its velocity at t=0.50s.Solution: jtitjtyitxV).().(1944027620ddddThe rabbits velocity at t=0.50s is equal to(等于)等于)jiV9896.2.Acceleration(加速度加速度)xyoP1t1V2t2V1V2VVAverage acceleration:1212ttVVtVaInstan
23、taneous acceleration220ddddtrtVtVtatlimIn the coordinate system:xyoPtajaiajtyitxjtVitVayxyx2222ddddddddIts magnitude and direction:22yxaaaxayaxyaa1 tan指向曲线指向曲线凹的一方凹的一方Example 1.3: The of a Particle is rjtitr322where and are constants. Find the velocity and acceleration.jti tV2344222916ttV2223616taj
24、tia64Note: 微分,微分,细心,再细心!细心,再细心! Carefully!Solution:Example 1. 4 已知质点运动方程为已知质点运动方程为x=2t, y=19 2t2, 式中式中x, y以米计,以米计,t 以秒计,试求:(以秒计,试求:(1)轨道方程;()轨道方程;(2)t=1s 时的速度和加速度。时的速度和加速度。22119xy (2)对运动方程求导,得到任意时刻的速度)对运动方程求导,得到任意时刻的速度对速度求导,得到任意时刻的加速度:对速度求导,得到任意时刻的加速度:解:(解:(1)运动方程联立,消去时间)运动方程联立,消去时间t得到轨道方程得到轨道方程2219
25、2tytx(1)tVVyx42(2)40yxaa将时间将时间t=1s代入速度和加速度分量式代入速度和加速度分量式(1)、(2)中,求出时间中,求出时间t=1s对应的速度和加速度:对应的速度和加速度:速度大小和与速度大小和与 x 轴夹角轴夹角jitV421 )(jta41 )(122474msVVVyx.463241.tan加速度大小和方向:加速度大小和方向:24msa与与y轴正向相反轴正向相反Example 1-5 离水平面高为离水平面高为h 的岸边,有人用绳以恒定速率的岸边,有人用绳以恒定速率V0拉船拉船靠岸。试求:船靠岸的速度,加速度随船至岸边距离变化的关系式?靠岸。试求:船靠岸的速度,加
26、速度随船至岸边距离变化的关系式?对时间求导得到速度和加速度:对时间求导得到速度和加速度:由题意知:由题意知:oyrhxx0v解:解:在如图所示的坐标系中在如图所示的坐标系中,船的位矢为:,船的位矢为:jhi xritxaitxV22ddddtrVdd 因为:因为:222hxrixhVaixhVV3220201 1-4 Two Types Problems in Kinematics (2) Given acceleration(or velocity) and initial condition, find the velocity and position vector by means o
27、f vector integration method 积分法积分法. In general, there are two kinds of problems to be solved:(1) Given position vector, find the velocity and acce-leration by using derivation method 微分法微分法. See the examples above.解:整理和分离变量可得下面方程解:整理和分离变量可得下面方程ktdtVdV2做积分:做积分:Example1.6: 某物体的运动规律为某物体的运动规律为tkVdtdV2式中
28、式中k为常数,为常数,t=0,初速度为,初速度为0V求求 .)(tVtVVktdtVdV020得:得:请同学们完成积分请同学们完成积分Example1.7: A particle moves in a plane with an acce-leration ,where g is constant. When t=0,its velocity is at a initial point (0,0). Find its velocity at time t and path equation. jga jViVV sincos Solution: Fromjga, we can obtain:d
29、tjgVdjgtViVVjgtV)sin(cos000 VjgtVUsing , we havejViVV sincos Using jdtdyidtdxVand the initial condition(0,0), we havetVxcos02021singttVy2202cos21vgxtgxy Example1.8: The acceleration of a particle is given byjita02032.where and are constant. The initial conditions areiVr01000.Find its velocity and po
30、sition vector.Solution: Its velocity is j titij titVtaVtVa02010102ddd330.).(.The position vector of the particle isjtittrtVrtrV2404ddd)(1-5 1-5 Circular Motion1.The importance of Circular motion (1) The movements of Sun, Earth, Planets , Electron, ., are related to circular motion;(2) There are part
31、s of instruments associated with the circular motion: clock, car, .(3) The knowledge on circular motion is the base to study the general curvilinear motion(曲线运动)(曲线运动). You can accept(采采用 )用 ) t h e a b o v e method to study A p a r t i c l e i s i n circular motion if it travels around a circle or
32、a circular arc(弧)(弧). Uniform circular motion(匀速)匀速): around a circle and at constant speed.o),(yxPrtconsrtan2.tangential(切向)(切向) & normal(法向)(法向) components of accelerationThe nature coordinate system(自然坐标系)(自然坐标系) Tw o u n i t v e c t o r a r e introduced to describe the circular motion: is an uni
33、t vector tangent (相切相切)to the circle at A directing to the advance direction and an unit vector normal to the circle at a (法向(法向 ) directing toward the center o. nnAoVV Hence(所以)所以), the acceleration of particle is :tVadd(1-23) Using and ,the velocity can be expressed as(表示成)(表示成): nObviously(显然)(显然
34、), we havetVtVVttVadddddddd)(1-24).nAoIt is easy to prove the rate of the tangential unit vector to be equal tonRVdtdtot+ tnRtVn1Prove: when , we have0tRtVRsTo summarize(总结)(总结), we haventntaanaanRVdtdVa2tana and are called the tangential acceleration(切向加(切向加速度)速度) and normal acceleration(法向加速度)(法向加
35、速度) respectively, and their magnitudes are given by RVatVa2n ddt22ntaaa Angle :ntaatg1 1Magnitude of :a anatataChanges the magnitude of the velocity;naChanges the direction of the velocity.(2)Uniform circular motion (匀速匀速) : In this case, the magnitude of velocity is a constant, that is 0tdd Vwhich
36、means that velocity changes only in direction. is usually called the centripetal acceleration(向(向心)心).nanavvRVaa2n ,t0Therefore, we have3.General curvilinear motion:VatVa2n ddt(1-30)AC is the radius of curvature(曲率)(曲率) at A and C is the center of curvature circle (曲率曲率圆)圆). A small part of curvilin
37、ear path can be considered as a part of a circle as shown in the below figure. We havetanaACaVo),(yxPtconsrtan4. Angular variables(角量)角量) in circular motion Angular position Position function)(tAngular displacement angular velocity & angular accelerationttlimtdd tttlimtdddd2 rad rad.s-1 rad.s-2Units
38、:角速度:角速度:角加速度:角加速度:o),(yxPtconsrtant Relation between linear(线)(线) & angular variables: ra,rarVrS,rSnt Counterclockwise(反时针)反时针): positive directionClockwise(顺时针)(顺时针) : negative directionTwo directions:),(),(oraaVntr请同学自己推导!请同学自己推导!试根据:试根据: 的不同,讨论相应的运动。的不同,讨论相应的运动。tnaandaFor example:caatn , 0匀加速直线运
39、动匀加速直线运动tanaACaVExample 1.9: The of a Particle is rjtitr322where and are constants. Find the tangential and normal accelerations at time t.jti tV2344222916ttV2223616taj tia64Using 4222916ttV, we have:?dtdVat请同学完成请同学完成According to 22222tnyxaaaaa,nacan be obtained?na请同学完成请同学完成Solution:1.10 一质点沿半径为一质点沿
40、半径为R 的圆周按的圆周按2021bttVs规律运动,规律运动,V0, b 是正值常数。求:(是正值常数。求:(1)t 时刻总加速度?(时刻总加速度?(2)t 为何值时总加速度大小等于为何值时总加速度大小等于b?btVtsV0dd速度方向与圆周相切并指向前方,速度方向与圆周相切并指向前方,nRbtVbaRbtVRVabtVan20202dd)()(bRbtVbaaan240222)((2)由由得得bVt0讨论:运动的性质,过程,总加速度的方向如何?讨论:运动的性质,过程,总加速度的方向如何?解:(解:(1)已知运动轨道的问题,选用自然坐标系。)已知运动轨道的问题,选用自然坐标系。1-6 1-6
41、 Relative motion1. Relative motion(相对运动)相对运动) The values of the position, velocity & acceleration of a object depend on(依赖)(依赖) the frame of reference in which the quantities(量)(量) are measured.2.Relativity of the description about a motion观测者观测者1观测者观测者2观测对象观测对象oxyzoxyz),(aVr),(aVrP2. Theorems(定理)(定理) of velocity addition(相加)(相加) & acceleration addition oxyzoxyzPBrPArBArLet and we have: zoozyooyxoox|,|,|PBBAPArrr(1)Poxyzo
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