托福阅读真题词句大汇总

1、Hunting and the Setting of Inner EurasiaWords & Phrases1.Inner Eurasia：内部的欧亚大陆Eurasia=Europe+Asiarefer to：指的是syst emat ic colonizat ion of parts of Inner Eurasia：内部欧亚大陆部分地2.3.区的系统性的人类colonizat ion：指The long, cold, arid定居定居=sett lementwinters of this regions steppes (grass covered plains)4.posed two

2、distinctive problems for human settlers. Arid：adj. 干旱的Semiarid： adj. 半干旱的Posed two distinctive problems:两个不同的难题Pose：v. 提出，造成(威胁、问题)=present Distinctive：adj. 与众不同的，独特的Presumably their ability to scavenge animal carcasses meant that they coulduse skins or furs for warmth. Presumably：adv. 据推测地Presume=a

3、ssume： v. 推测Scavenge：捡破烂;拾荒;(从废弃物中)觅食，寻找 If people or animals scavenge for things, they collect them by searching among waste or unwanted objects.Carcass: n. 动物的尸体残骸 A carcass is the body of a dead animal5.6.However, there are no signs of hearths before about 200,000 years ago. Hearth：n. 灶台，火炉This s

4、uggests that humans used fire opportunistically and had not yetdomesticated it enough to survive the harsh winters of Ice Age Inner Eurasia. Domesticate：v. 驯养，驯服Dome：n. 圆屋顶区别：dominate：v. 统治，主导Harsh winters：严酷的冬天trickier problem：棘手的问题，难以解决的问题Humans could not exploit the abundant grasses of the steppe

5、s, and most of the edible plants died off in winter.Exploit：v. 开发利用=utilize=make use of Steppe: 干草原The edible plants: 可食的植物0.Animals, unlike plants, can evade predators and may evenEvade predat ors：躲避捕猎者back.衍生：inevit able：adj. 不可躲避的，不可避免的=unavoidablehunting gear: 打猎装备4.15.16.the c

6、hoice of companions：伙伴的选择the maintenance of communications with neighbors：与邻居交流fatal： adj. 致命的=deadlyclarify group identity：表明群体的维持Internally, groups may split for long periods as hunting parties travelling over great distances.Internally：adv. 从内在来看Split：v.All in all, each group has to exist and sur

7、vive in several distinct configurations. Configuration：n.安排;格局;布局 A configuration is an arrangement of a group of things17.Syntax1.According to the formulation of archaeologist Lewis Binford, in a typical hunter/collect or food-gat hering st rategy parties of hunters leave camps with very specific g

8、oals in mind, based on int imate knowledge of their int ended prey.Formulat ion ： n.(、计划等的 ) 制定 ， 构 想 The formulat ion ofsomet hing such as a policy or plan is the process of creat ing or inventing it .Intimate: adj. 深刻的 ; 详尽 的 ; 精通 的 An int imat e knowledge ofsomet hing is a deep anded knowledge of

9、 it2.They may by away for days or weeks at a t ime and will often store their kill at specific st orage sit es, from which they will bring food back to a base camp when needed.3.As a result , they move their base camps less often than in forager societ ies, but they range more widely, their movement

10、 s are more carefully planned, and so are their methods of storage.Base camp: 基地，相对于 summer camp 等季节性营地Forager：n. 搜寻草料觅食者Range：v. 搜索，延伸4.They need reliable information about the movement s and habits of animal prey over large areas, which can be secured only by maint aining regular contact s with ne

11、ighboring groups.5.Finally, they need reliable methods of st orage because, where plant foods cannot provide a diet ary safet y net , planning has to beanded to ensure that there is enough to tide themover in periods of short age.2precisePrecise：adj. 精准的=exact Tide over: 渡过难关t ide: n. 海浪；v. 顺应潮水航行6.

12、The regular exchange of information and somet imes of material goods is critical not only within groups, but also bet ween groups scatt ered over large dist ances.Crit ical：adj. 重要的7.For these reasons, archaeologist Clive Gamble has argued that the difficult ies of settling the Eurasian heartland ar

13、ose less from the technological than from the social and organizat ional features ofhuman communities before 120,000 years ago. Heartland：n. 心脏地带，中心区域Human commu=human societ y 人类8.Nor is there any physical evidence for st orage, raw materials all come from within a radius of 50 kilomet ersand usual

14、ly less than 5 kilomet ersof the sit es where they were used.physical evidence：有形的证据=concret e evidence raw materials：原材料Abstract Concrete1.The long, cold, arid wint ers of this regions st eppes (grass covered plains) poised two dist inctive problems for human sett lers.2.Syst emat ic and reliable h

15、unt ing met hods meant more than thedevelopment of new t echnologies, they also demanded new social structures.3.Hunt ing strategies also imply greater social complexity.Written Record sWords & Phrases1.appropriate texts: 恰当的文本appropriate ： adj.Something thatis appropriate is suit able oracceptable

16、for a part icular sit uation.2.Many of the early excavations of the great sit es of the Near Easthad theof clay writ ing tablets as the main goal.Excavation: n. 挖掘=unearthing3recoveryRecovery：n. 收回；取回； 失而复得 Y ou talk about the recovery of something when you get it back after it has been lost or stol

17、en clay writ ing tablets: 粘土写字板3.it is mainly official decrees inscribed on marble that have survivedofficial decrees inscribed on marble: 刻在大理的官令decree：n. A decree is an official order or decision, especially one by the ruler of a countryinscribe: v. 刻; 雕 If you inscribe words on an object , you wr

18、ite or carve the words on the objectmarble: n. 大理石4.We can now also begin to deduce the likely territories belonging to individual Maya cent ers.Deduce：v. 推断Territory：n.But one should not accept them uncrit ically at face value.Uncrit ically：adv. 不加批评地，不加鉴别地区别于：5.crit ical：最常见的意思是“重要的”，也有“ crucial：只

19、有“重要的”意思at face value: 按照表面意思;(对)信以为真 If you take something at face value, you accept it and believe it without thinking about it very much, even though it might be untruehist orians tend to think of a king as the leader of a state society tend to: 倾向于think ofas: 把看作为= see as = viewas= regardas的”意思6

20、.state society:，区别于以往未形成的7.a full st ate societ y did not emerge emerge：v. 出现emergence：n. 出现emergency：n. 紧急的出现，反义词：immerse：v. 浸没，陷入Syntax：1.Major finds of this kind are st ill beingfor example, at theent city of Ebla (Tell Mardikh) in Syria, where an archive of 5,000clay tablet s written in an early

21、 dialect of Akkadian (Babylonian) was discovered in the 1970s.Archive: n. collect ion of; 史料;馆 The archive or archives are a records thatcontain hist oricaldocuments andinformat ion. You can also use archives to refer to the place where4archives are stored Dialect：n. 方言Babylonian：n. 巴比伦人（了解即可）2.For

22、instance, the clay tablet s of Mycenaean Greece, dating from around 1200 B.C., were all, without exception, primarily records ofcommercial tranions (goods coin or going out) at theMycenaean palaces.(语割裂，逗号前后要连起来读)Tranion：n. (一笔);业务 A tranion is a piece of business,for example an act of buying or sel

23、ling somet hing8.This discovery gives us an impression of manyof theMycenaean economy and a glimpse into craftorganization(through the names for the different kinds of craft speople, as well as int roducing the names of the offices of st ate).（并列对象的确定）Aspect：n. 方面spect ：词根，看的意思，a + spect=八面玲珑中的一面，方面

24、prospect：向前看，所以是“n.前景，前途，预期”的意思inspect ：看，所以是“v.检查”的意思retrospect ：看，所以是“n./v. 回顾回想”的意思a glimpse into：一瞥，看一眼glimpse：n./v. 一瞥，一看craft organization: 工艺组织craft ：n.手艺;工艺 A craft is an activity such as weaving, carving, or pott ery that involves making things skilfully wit h your handscraftman=artisan 手工艺

25、人，工匠9.It could be that the Mycenaeans wrote on clay only for their commercial records and used other perishable materials for lit erary or hist orical texts now lost to us.（记住介词的基本意思，to = toward 表朝向）Lost to us：朝向我们来说是失去的，即我们无法得到指前面的 hist orical texts 现在 lost to usPerishable：adj. 易腐烂的； 易的； 易的10. Frag

26、ile rolls of papyrusthe lit erary texts on them, haveof modern paperwithusually remained intact only whenretained in the dry air of Egypt, or when buried beneath the volcanic ash covering Pompeii（记住介词的基本意思，with 表伴随） Fragile rolls of papyrus：脆弱的莎草纸卷轴Predecessor：n. 前身5predecessoraspect sremained intac

27、t ：仍然完好无损intact ： adj. 完整无缺的，未受破坏的 Something that is intact is complete and has not been damaged or changed 考过词汇题=wholeret ained in the dry air：被保留在干燥空气中ret ain：v. 保留buried beneat h the volcanic ash：被埋在火山灰下11. Coins also provide a valuable source of writt en records: they can reveal information abou

28、t the location where they are found, which can provide evidence about trade practices there, and theirinscript ions can be informat ive about the issuing authority, whet herthey were city-states (as inent Greece) or(as inImperial Rome or in the kingdoms of medieval Europe).（1）逗号之后的 which，修饰指代对象的确定，此

29、时的 which 可以指代前面整句话（2）and 并列对象/级别的确定trade pract ices：贸易行为inscript ions：n. 碑文，题刻informat ive：adj. 提供issuing authority：的cit y-stat es：城邦sole rulers：单一统medieval Europe：中世纪的欧洲（多个城市）12. It had been widely assumed that the inscript ions were exclusively of a calendrical nature or that they dealt with purel

30、y religious matters,notably the deeds of the gods.Be+prep.谓语， Be of: 意为“属于”Or that 并列对象的确定：与前面的 that 并列widely assumed：被广泛推测认为exclusively of a calendrical nature：只属于一种历法的属性/性质deal wit h：处理，涉及deal 的过去式是 dealtnot ably：adv. 尤其地，显著地deeds of the gods：神的行为13. Therefore, when the earliest records for Anglo-

31、Saxon England, found in t he Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which took final shape in about A.D. 1155, refer to kings around A.D. 500, it is easy for the hist orian to think of kings and st ates at that period.以逗号隔开引入的语Which 修饰对象的确定看到谓语想主语，主语在很遥远的前方Took final shape: 最终成型6sole rulersRefer to：提及，指的是Abstract C

32、oncreteParagraph 2 In each early literate society, writ ing had its own function and purpose.1.段首句中的抽象概念往后找具体对应Lit erate society：识字，有读写能力的2.But here, as in other cases, accidents of preservat ion may be important.3.Maya history has thus taken on a new dimension.段尾总结句中的抽象概念往前找对应Take on a new dimensio

33、n: 呈现出一个新的维度Take on：呈现Dimension：n. 维度，角度，方面 A part icular dimension of somet hing is a part icular aspect of it3D= 3 dimension 三维3-dimension film ：3D4.Nor should one forget the bias introduced by the accidents of preservation and the part icular uses of literacy in a society.理解标黄单词抽象意义的具体指代Bias：n. 偏

34、见，误解Lit eracy：n. 文字5.The great risk with hist orical records is that they can impose theirown perspective so that they begin not only to supply the answers to our questions but subt ly to det ermine the nature of those questions and even our concepts and terminology.理解标黄单词抽象意义的具体指代Impose their own p

35、erspect ive：施加他们Perspect ive：n. 看问题的角度，观点So that：conj. 结果Subt ly：adv. 微妙地The nature of those quest ions: 问题得性质Concept ：n. 概念，理解=understanding，idea Terminology：n. 专门术语，概念来自t erm 概念的意思的观点7Temperature Regulation in Marine OrganismsWords & Phrases1.Most birds have a body temperature of about 40, whereas

36、 the t emperature of most marine mammals is about 38.Whereas：conj. 表比较=while2.All subt idal marine invert ebrat es and mostfishes fitinto this category.Subtidal marine invert ebrat es：下潮区的海洋无脊椎动物衍生：int ert idal：adj. 潮间区的，即处在涨潮海水覆盖和落潮之间的区域； 而 subt idal 永远处在潮下面的区域，来自词根 sub，下面的意思，如 subwayVert ebrat e：脊

37、椎动物Fit into: 适合3.Their rise in t emperature above ambient conditions stems frommetabolicheatgeneratedbymuscularactivity(swim)combined with a heat retention mechanism. Ambient condit ion：周边的状况Stem from：来自=arise from=come from Metabolic heat ：新陈代谢的热量Metabolism：n. 新陈代谢Combine wit h：与结合A heat ret ention

38、 mechanism: 一个热量保留机制Ret ention：n. 保留 The ret ention of something is the kee Retain：v. 保留反义词：drain：v. 流失Brain drain：流失，智囊流失Mechanism：n. 原理，机制；sustained act ivit y：持续进行的活动sust ained=cont inuedof it4.5.using both evaporat ion and circulat ion of body fluids to avoid being heat ed at low t ide by the Su

39、nevaporat ion and circulat ion of body fluids：体液的蒸发和循环evaporat ion：n. 蒸发 va. 水蒸气区别：transpirat ion：n. (植物的)蒸腾作用Body fluids：体液6.absorb and lose heat direct ly to the air：直接朝向空气吸热和失热absorb：v. 吸收to=t oward，表朝向variation in color can reflect differences in adaptation to the7.8capture of solar energy at di

40、fferent lat itudes variation in color：色彩差异reflect ：v. 反映；反射adaptation to：朝向的适应性capture of solar energy：太阳能量的捕获lat itudes：n. 纬度区别：longit ude：经度alt itude：海拔高度direct conduct of heat from the skin to the contacting colder water direct conduct of heat：热的直接传导conduct ：n. 传导；行为举止contact ing colder water：接触的

41、冷水8.9.circulat ory syst em：循环系统10. heat loss from the body surface also occurs as warm interior blood is transferred and moves into contact with the periphery of the body warm interior blood：温暖的内部血液int erior：adj. 内部的ext erior：adj. 外部的transferred：v.转移，转学区别：transform：v. 变形，转变；transport ：v. contact ：n.

42、 接触periphery: 边缘；周围；If something is on the periphery of anarea, place, or thing, it is on the edge of it11. Their bodies also radiate heat, usually in the infrared part of the spectrum.radiate heat : 辐射热量infrared：n. 远红外线spect rum：n. 谱线，光谱12. as animals exhale, the result ing evaporat ion of water in

43、volves a considerable loss of heatexhale：v. 出气，呼出气反义：inhale：v. 吸气Considerable：adj. 极大量的=substal=significant=a large numberof13. A series of interlocking contour feathersens a thick layer ofdown feathers that traps stationary air, which in turn insulat ing erlocking contour feathers：相互交联的轮廓线

44、羽毛acts as ancont our: n. 轮廓;外形 You can refer to teral shape or outlineof an objeit scont oursen: v. 包围; 围住; 封闭 If a place or object is end by9somet hing, the place or object is inside that thing or complet ely surrounded by itdown feathers: 绒毛， down jacket：羽绒服st ationary：adj. 静止不动的=mot ionless=st il

45、l in turn：反过来act s as：起作用，扮演 insulat ing layer: 隔热层14. subcutaneous fat：皮下脂肪subcutaneous：adj. 皮下的（了解即可）15. const ant ly preen and fluff up a relatively thick layer of furpreen：v. 用嘴整理羽毛 When birds preen their feathers, they clean them and arrange them neatly using their beaksfluff up：打松，使变得松软fluff：n

46、. 绒毛，软毛；v. 使变松relat ively：adv. 相对地，相比较而言地=comparat ively16. terrestrial (land) animals：动物t errest rial：adj.的-反义 aquatic：水生的t errest rial：adj. 地球的反义 extraterrestrial：地外的， eg. extraterrestrial life: 地外生命17. the limbs are the principal sources of heat loss limb：n. 四肢18. warm arterial blood must be arte

47、rial blood：动脉血arterial：adj. 动脉的d to limbsart ery：n. 动脉，也可引申为交通/贸易大动脉 eg. trade art ery vein：n. 静脉19. Heat loss in porpoises is minimized by a count ercurrent heat exchangerPorpoise: n. 小海豚（了解即可）Minimize：v. 最小化反义Minimum：n. 最小值；ize：v. 最大化um：n. 最大值count ercurrent heat exchanger：对流热交换器countercurrent：n.

48、逆流，对流count er：v. 对抗= resist （考过词汇题）count erargument ：n. count erexample：n.对立观点例子20. Thisof circulatory vessels minimizes heat loss tothe flipper and thence to the water. spat ial relat ionship：空间spat ial 来自 spacecirculat ory vessels：循环vessel：n. 有很多意思，此处是的意思，还有“器皿，船只”的意思， 都是承载物10spat ial relat ionshi

49、pflipper：n. 脚蹼thence=then 然后21. anatomicals：解剖细节anatomical: adj. 解剖的anat omy：n. 解剖，本质上指的是内部的身体构造，要理解到这个层面上来，例如下句：fishes have a circulatory anatomy based on the same overall design overall：adj. 整体的=general22. Arteries and veins in the near-surface musculature are in contact,and in arteries and veins,

50、 respectively, blood flows in opposite direct ionsMusculature：n. 肌肉组织（了解即可），来自 muscle 肌肉，这个必须知道in contact ：处在接触中respect ively：adv. 分别地，各自地=separat ely（考过词汇题） opposit e direct ions：相反的方向opposit e：adj. 相反的oppose：v.opponent ：n. supporter，这些者反义词， 支持者：proponent ，advocat e， 记下来，很常见Syntax：1.Homeotherms are

51、 organisms that regulat e body t emperature to a constant level, usually above that of the ambient (surrounding) environment .中重复概念用 that 替代，读者须知 that 的替代对象，本句中比较that=temperatureHomeotherms：n. 恒温动物（了解即可）therm：词根，热的意思，eg. geot hermal：地热的constant：adj.不变的= st eady2.Poikilotherms are organisms whose bod

52、y t emperat ure conforms to that of the ambient environment.比较中重复概念被 that 替代Poikilot herms：n. 变温动物（了解即可）Conform to：符合，遵从 If someone or somet hing conforms to a patt ern or type, they are very similar to itAmbient：adj. 周围的，周边的3.Thereisanint erest ingint ermediatestatusinwhichbodytemperature is usuall

53、y somewhat higher than ambient t emperature.介词+which， which 指介词前面的名词，对该名词做修饰展开int ermediate status：居间状态11int ermediat e：adj. 居间的，中间的ambient t emperature：周边的温度4.The art eries are surrounded by veins, within which blood is returning to the core of the animal.介词+which， which 指介词前面的名词，对该名词做修饰展开Artery：n.

54、 动脉Vein：n. 静脉Core：n. 中心；地核Core of the animal: 动物的身体中心Abstract Concrete1.The first line of defense surface.heat loss is a well-insulated bodyWell-insulat ed: adj. 绝缘的，隔热的Understandingent Mesoamerican ArtWords & Phrases18. the ruins ofent Mesoamerica：古代洲的废墟19. unearthed civilizat ions increasingly rem

55、ote in age：出土（ 越久远的）文明uneart h：v. 挖掘，出土上越来20. an earlier st ratum of St ratum: 岩层quity：一个更早的古代岩层扩展：Strat ificat ion: ( 尤指的)分层，形成阶层 Stratificat ion is thedivision of something, especially society, int o different classes layersor21. came upon Maya cit ies in the jungle：偶然遇到密林里的城市Come upon ： 偶然碰到( 或发现

56、) If you come upon someone something, you meet them or find them by chance.22. workers inst alling sound and light equipment ：安装音响和光照工人23. stumbled upon a remarkable cave：偶然发现一个极大的St umble：v. 跌跌撞撞走，结巴说stumble upon：偶然发现24. a royal burial chamber：一个皇室的埋葬密室royal：adj. 皇室的25. the excavation of pyramids：金字塔的挖掘or的1226. out lying st ruct ures rather than principal buildings筑物Out lying：adj. 偏僻的；边远的；远离城市的 Out lying places are