安全专业英语15-16

1、The Professional EnglishThe Professional English何何 宁宁何 宁Part Part Mine Health Mine HealthLESSON 15LESSON 15Hearing Loss among Miners and Measures to Hearing Loss among Miners and Measures to Protect Hearing Protect Hearing 矿工听力损失和保护听力的方法矿工听力损失和保护听力的方法何 宁H （National Institute for Occupational Safety

2、and Health）国立 教学内容教学内容 Introduction 、Engineering controls should be the number one priority in the battle to eliminate hazardous noise、What about hearing roof noises? 教学目的教学目的 通过该部分学习，要求学生熟记hearing aid 助听器、hearing protector 听力防护罩、NIOS职业安全与健康研究所、sound barrier声障、dampen 消音，隔音、cab (机车, 卡车, 起重机的)司机室, 驾驶室

3、、muffle（用东西蒙住或包扎住）使声音降低、earplug 耳塞、eardrum 解耳膜、active circuit 有源电路等专业词汇，达到英文与中文相互熟练翻译的程度；深入理解Introduction 、Engineering controls should be the number one priority in the battle to eliminate hazardous noise等内容，达到熟练阅读和正确、通顺地翻译的程度；了解What about hearing roof noises等内容，达到比较熟练和比较通顺翻译的程度。 教学重点、难点教学重点、难点 Engi

4、neering controls should be the number one priority in the battle to eliminate hazardous noise 何 宁一、复习旧课一、复习旧课1回忆fall of ground 顶板岩石崩落、stench恶臭, 臭气专业词汇的中文含义；调度中心dispatch centre 自救器self-rescuer的英文表达。2Questions:Upon discovering a problem what a worker should do firstly?Investigate the problem or report

5、 to the supervisor who should take control.何 宁二、教授新课二、教授新课Everyone knows that mining is a noisy job, but did you know that you are nine times more likely to lose your hearing than someone who works in a quieter job? If unprotected from noise on the job, by age 50, you will probably need hearing aids

6、hearing aids. Obviously, the best solution is to engineer out the noise, but that isnt always immediately possible. Until mines are quieter, one way you can help save your vital sense of hearing is to use hearing hearing protectorsprotectors whenever the noise around you is hazardous. 何 宁Even if you

7、 already have some hearing loss, you can use hearing protectors to prevent your hearing from getting worse. When loud noise is present, proper use of hearing protectors will help miners pre-vent most or all noise-induced hearing loss. 何 宁每个人都知道采矿业是一个嘈杂的行业，但你听力损失的可能性是从事安静工作人员的九倍还多，这个你知道吗？如果在工作中不保护自己遭

8、受噪音的危害，那么到50岁时，你将可能需要助听器。很显然，最好的办法是从技术上消除噪声，但是通常这并不能马上实现（很难实现）。除非矿山是较安静的，否则只要你周围的噪音具有危害性，帮助你保护及其重要的听觉的一个方法是使用听力防护罩。即使你已损失了部分听力，你也应使用听力防护罩，以阻止听力的进一步恶化。当巨大的噪声存在时，正确使用听力防护罩将有助于矿工预防大多数甚至全部导致听力损失的噪声。何 宁The tools and machines that miners use are noisy enough to cause most miners to lose some or much of th

9、eir hearing. NIOSHNIOSH analyzed hearing tests from a large sample of coal miners. This chart shows that by age 30, coal miners have about as much permanent hearing loss as a healthy, non-noise exposed male worker will have at age 50. This chart also shows that coal miners hearing loss continues to

10、get worse. If current trends continue, by the time the average coal miner retires, 9 out of 10 will have a serious hearing handicap. Other types of mining (surface, metal/ nonmetal, etc.) require noisy tasks that are equally hazardous to hearing. 何 宁矿工使用的工具和机器发生的声音是嘈杂的，足以引起大多数矿工损失部分或全部听力。（National I

11、nstitute for Occupational Safety and Health）国立职业安全与健康研究所分析了对大量煤矿工人的听力测试。该表显示了：煤矿工人30岁时的听力永久损失程度大约与健康的、不接触噪声的男性工人50岁时听力永久损失程度一样。该表还显示了，煤矿工人的听力损失是持续恶化的。如果当前趋势持续下去，那么到煤矿工人的平均退休年龄时，90%的工人将有严重的听力障碍。其他类型的采矿行业（地面，金属/非金属，等）需要嘈杂的作业，对听力具有同等危害性。何 宁Both employers and miners, working together, can take steps to

12、reduce the risk of permanent hearing loss. 矿主和矿工应一起采取措施，以降低听力永久损失的危险性。何 宁Engineering controls should be the number one Engineering controls should be the number one priority in the battle to eliminate hazardous noise. priority in the battle to eliminate hazardous noise. 在消除噪音危害的战役中，技术控制的方法是第一在消除噪音危害

13、的战役中，技术控制的方法是第一位的位的When replacing or upgrading equipment, mine owners and operators should “buy quiet” whenever possible. In many situations, sound barriersound barriers, sound dampendampening material, enclosed cabcabs, or other noise controls can reduce miners exposure to noise. But, if engineerin

14、g controls have not eliminated the noise hazard, then employers should provide hearing protectors that meet the special needs of miners for: (1) comfort, (2) convenience, and (3) usability in a mining environment. Employers should provide training to miners on how to select and wear a variety of hea

15、ring protectors, and miners should make a conscientious effort to use the devices effectively. 何 宁当矿主和操作员更换或升级设备时，只要可能，应当购买无噪音的设备。许多情况下，声障、隔音材料、封闭的驾驶室或其他噪音控制方法能够降低矿工的噪声接触;。但是，如果技术控制方法不能消除噪声危害，那么矿主应当提供听力防护罩。防护罩应满足矿工的特殊需要：（1）舒适，（2）方便，（3）在采矿环境下可用。矿主应该培训矿工如何选择和佩带各种各样的听力防护罩，矿工应当尽心尽责地有效使用这些防护设备。何 宁 If the

16、 job requires miners to talk with one another, hearing protectors with built-in communication circuits are available. New protectors with active circuitactive circuits that muffle background noise while amplifying nearby speech are available. These may be especially useful in a mining environment wh

17、ere the noise is intermittent. Some of these electronic devices may not yet be approved for underground mining, but are already in use for above ground mining and heavy construction. 何 宁Miners need to know that hearing protectors can safely be worn in a mine along with other safety equipment. In fac

18、t, sometimes hearing protectors can actually help miners hear warning signals, alarms, and speech by mufflmuffling the level of continuous background noise. Miners should also be assured that properly worn earplugearplugs will not damage their ear canal ear canals or eardrumeardrums. 何 宁矿工应该明白：矿山中，他

19、们可以连同其他安全装备来安全地佩带听力防护罩和。事实上，有时听力防护罩使持续的背景噪音减弱，能够帮助矿工听到警告信号、发警报、说话。矿工也应确信：正确的佩带耳塞不会损害他们的耳膜。如果矿工工作中需要相互通话时，可使用内置通信电路的听力防护罩。当矿山环境的噪音断断续续时，这些装置尤为有用。出现一种带有有源电路的防护罩，能够减弱背景噪音，而放大附近的语音。这些电子装置，有些还没有在地下采矿中得到试验证明，但它们已经在地面开采和大规模的建筑行业得到应用。何 宁Picking a hearing protector is like trying on shoes: no single device w

20、ill suit everyone. NIOSH has published a booklet that lists over 50 manufacturers and nearly 250 different hearing protectors including many types of earplugs, earmuffs, and banded canal inserts. Employers can help by making a variety of these devices available. Miners need to keep trying hearing pr

21、otectors until they find one that they are willing to wear. The single leading cause of hearing loss among miners exposed to hazardous noise is failure to wear hearing protection every time and all of the time that they are working in hazardous noise. 何 宁何 宁Figure 1 shows the surprising drop in the

22、amount of effective protection you will get from your hearing protector if you dont wear it 100% of the time you are in hazardous noise. For this example, lets assume you work in hazardous noise for an entire 8 hour shift. Lets say you take your hearing protector off a few minutes here, and a few mi

23、nutes there so that you actually wear your hearing protector 7 hours out of the noisy 8-hour day. Because of the way your ear interacts with noise, this would result in a loss of almost 75% of the hearing protectors effective protection! 何 宁In this example, a person who was exposed to a time-weighte

24、d average noise level of 95 decibels might think that an earplug with a Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) of 30 would provide plenty of protection. But, because the earplug was not worn 100% of the time the worker was in hazardous noise, its effective NRR was only about 8 decibels. As a result, this pers

25、ons noise exposure will be much worse than they thought: 87 decibels, noise. This will prevent instead of 65 decibels. Exposure to 87 decibels doesnt sound like a lot, but research has shown that over time, even this much noise exposure can cause permanent hearing loss in many people. Remember-you m

26、ight think that by wearing an earplug most of the time, you will be fully protected from hazardous noise. But as Figure 2 shows, you need to wear hearing protection consistently whenever the noise is hazardous. This is actually not very different from the need to wear welders goggles whenever weldin

27、g, and not just “most of the time”. 何 宁What about hearing roof noises?What about hearing roof noises? Many underground miners share a concern about being able to hear noises that indicate a roof fall may be about to occur. Miners may assume that if they are wearing hearing protectors, they will not

28、be able to hear these roof noises. Because of the importance of this issue, it has been carefully studied both in the United States as well as in Australia. We now know that: (1) The machinery used in mining operations is loud enough to cover up the sounds made by the roof working . “roof-talk”. (2)

29、 Wearing hearing protectors while noisy machinery is in use does NOT affect whether or not a miner hears roof noises. 何 宁 In other words, miners cant hear roof noises during mining operations because the machinery “drowns out” the roof noises, not because hearing protectors “block out” roof noises.

30、When loud noise is not present, naturally, there is no need to wear hearing protection. 何 宁 Miners who have not protected their hearing may have enough temporary or permanent hearing loss to interfere with their ability to hear roof noises-even in quiet. Miners who have protected their hearing will

31、have the advantage! They will be most able to hear roof noises and take appropriate evasive action.何 宁New Word and ExpressionsNew Word and Expressionshearing aid 助听器hearing protector 听力防护罩NIOSH （National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health）国立职业安全与健康研究所sound barrier声障dampen 消音，隔音cab (机车, 卡车,

32、 起重机的)司机室, 驾驶室muffle（用东西蒙住或包扎住）使声音降低earplug 耳塞ear canal 耳道eardrum 解耳膜active circuit 有源电路何 宁QuestionsQuestionsAssignmentAssignmentPlease translate the last four paragraphs of this text into Chinese何 宁LESSON 16LESSON 16Heat IllnessHeat Illness热疾热疾 教学内容教学内容 Introduction Introduction 、Heat faintingHeat

33、fainting、Heat Heat exhaustionexhaustion、Heat crampsHeat cramps、Heat strokeHeat stroke、Precautions Precautions against heat illnesseagainst heat illnesse 教学目的教学目的 通过该部分学习，要求学生熟记通过该部分学习，要求学生熟记Thermoregulation Thermoregulation 生理生理 体温调节体温调节, , 温度调节、温度调节、absenteeism absenteeism 旷工、旷工、heat fainting heat

34、fainting 热昏晕、热昏晕、conductance conductance 电工电工 电导电导, , 导导率率, , 电导系数、电导系数、intakeintake【医医】摄取、摄取、chamberchamber室、室、numbness numbness 麻麻木木, , 麻痹、麻痹、palpitation palpitation 心悸、心悸、nausea nausea 恶心等专业词汇，达到恶心等专业词汇，达到英文与中文相互熟练翻译的程度；深入理解英文与中文相互熟练翻译的程度；深入理解Heat faintingHeat fainting、Heat exhaustionHeat exhaust

35、ion等内容，达到熟练阅读和正确、通顺地翻译的等内容，达到熟练阅读和正确、通顺地翻译的程度；了解程度；了解Heat crampsHeat cramps、Heat strokeHeat stroke、Precautions against Precautions against heat illnesseheat illnesse等内容，达到比较熟练和比较通顺翻译的程度。等内容，达到比较熟练和比较通顺翻译的程度。 教学重点、难点教学重点、难点 Heat exhaustion Heat exhaustion何 宁一、复习旧课一、复习旧课1回忆NISOH（National Institute for

36、 Occupational Safety and Health国立职业安全与健康研究）、ear cana（声道）专业词汇的中文含义；助听器（hearing aid）声障、sound barrier 的英文表达。2Please describe the special needs of miners that hearing protectors (: (1) comfort, (2) convenience, and (3) usability in a mining environment.)何 宁二、教授新课二、教授新课Heat is emitted into subsurface ven

37、tilation systems from a variety of sources. In the majority of the worlds coal mines, the airstream itself is sufficient to remove the heat that is produced. In deep metal mines, heat is usually the dominant environmental problem and may necessitate the use of large-scale refrigeration plant. Conver

38、sely, in cold climates, the intake air may require artificial heating in order to create conditions that are tolerable for both personnel and equipment.何 宁释放热到地下通风系统中的热源多种多样。（注：该句的翻译采用正反处理译法。我们前面讲过科技英语中大量使用被动句，而在汉语中也很少使用，大多需要把被动句改译为主动句。大家回忆一下被动句改译为主动句呢？让一名同学来回答：原文主语仍做主语；原文的某个成分做主语；加一个主语；译成无主语句）全世界的大

39、多数煤矿中，风流自身就能够把产生的热带走。在金属深井中，热通常是一个主要的环境问题，可能必须使用大规模的制冷设备。相反，寒冷气候中，进风流需要人工加热，以创造人员和设备都可接受的条件。注注：necessitate使成为必需何 宁The human thermoregulationthermoregulation system depends upon the efficient operation of the corecore and skin temperature receptorreceptors, the flow of blood throughout the body but p

40、articularly between the core and skin tissues, and the production of perspirationperspiration. If any of these mechanisms loses its effectiveness then the body will progressively exhibit the symptoms of one or more of a series of disorders known collectively as the heat illnesses. These may arise as

41、 separate and recognizable ailmentailments with identifiable causes. However, for workers in hot and humid environments they may occur in combination.何 宁人类体温调节系统依靠温度感受体：体核和皮肤的有效工作；遍及全身的血液流动，尤其是体核和皮肤组织之间的血液流动；排汗量。如果这些机能任何一个丧失了效力，那么身体将逐渐显示出一种或多种失调的征兆，这共同称为热疾病。这些疾病可能单独出现，可以识别类型和原因。然而，工作在湿热环境下的工人，可能出现组合

42、性的疾病。何 宁A common initial symptom is a loss of interest in the task and difficulty in remaining alert. In any adverse environment, the desire to seek more comfortable surroundings is a psychological reaction that is just as much a part of the bodys defence mechanism as thermoregulatory effects. Suppr

43、ession of such predilection may result in irritability or displays of anger. This may be observed even in persons who are cognizant of the effect. The physical symptoms often reveal themselves first as a loss of coordination and dexteritydexterity.何 宁初期的普遍征兆是对工作失去兴趣，难以保持敏捷状态。在任何不利的环境下，希望寻找更舒适的环境是一个心

44、理反应，这同体温调节结果一样，仅仅是人体防御机能的一部分。压制这种倾向，将导致易怒状态。这甚至在清楚该作用的人身上也能够观察到。这种身体上的征兆通常显示了他们首先丧失了协调性和敏捷性。注：are cognizant of 认识到认识到何 宁It follows, even from these initial symptoms of heat strain, that both manual and mental work productivity will suffer, morale is likely to be low, absenteeismabsenteeism high and

45、standards of safety will decline in environments that are unduly hot. This is true for either a labour intensive method of working or one that is heavily mechanized.何 宁因此，即使这些热疲劳的初期症状也可影响体力劳动和脑力劳动的生产率，在过度热环境下，工人士气很可能低沉，旷工率高，安全水平下降。不论是劳动密集性的工作方式还是高度机械化的工作方式，这都是适用的。注：it follows that由此得出结论., 因而断定.斜体部分成

46、分倒装斜体部分成分倒装。何 宁Heat faintingHeat fainting热昏晕热昏晕This occurs most frequently when a person stands still for an extended period in a warm environment. Blood tends to pool in the lower parts of the body causing a temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain and, hence, a short term loss of conscious

47、ness. A common example arises when soldiers in heavy uniform are required to remain motionless for long periods of time during ceremonial parades.何 宁The treatment is simply to restore an adequate supply of blood to the brain by allowing the patient to lie flat in a cooler area and to loosen or remov

48、e clothing. Recovery is normally rapid and complete. The probability of heat fainting is reduced by intermittent body movements.何 宁当人处于热的环境下长时间处于静止站立状态，热昏晕经常会发生。血有集中在身体较低部位的趋势，引起大脑的血液供应暂时减少，因此，短期内会失去知觉。一个常见的例子是：当士兵衣着厚重的军装需要在正式的阅兵仪式中长期处于静止状态，那么会出现热昏晕。何 宁处理热昏晕的方法仅仅是：使病人平躺在较凉爽的区域，解开或脱掉衣服，从而恢复对大脑血液的充足供应

49、。痊愈通常迅速、彻底。如果身体有间歇的活动，那么发生热昏晕的可能性将降低。何 宁Heat exhaustionHeat exhaustion 医医 中暑衰竭中暑衰竭( (指轻度中暑指轻度中暑) ) ConductanceConductance of heat within the body is facilitated primarily by the flow of blood. If the volume of blood is insufficient then heat exhaustion may ensue. A decrease in blood volume may resul

50、t from dehydrationdehydration caused either by an inadequate intakeintake of fluids or by a salt deficient diet. Alternatively, a combination of environmental heat stress and metabolicmetabolic rate may cause the heartbeat to exceed some 180 bpm. The inadequate time interval between contractions of

51、heart muscles may be insufficient to maintain an adequate supply to the heart chamberchambers - the rate of blood flow drops. A significant increase in total volume of blood occurs during periods of heat acclimatization acclimatization.何 宁人体主要通过血液的流动促进热导率（正反处理法正反处理法）。如果血量不足，那么接着就会出现热疲惫。血量的减少是脱水造成的，而

52、脱水或者是由于流体摄取不足造成或者是由于饮食中缺乏食盐造成的。环境热压力和代谢速度的联合作用会引起人的心跳次数超过180bpm。心肌两次收缩的间隔时间短，不足以维持心室的充分供给，血液流速就会降低。在热环境的适应阶段，血液总量会有显著的的增加。何 宁The additional symptoms of heat exhaustions are1. tiredness, thirst, dizziness 2. numbnesnumbness or tingling in fingers and toes3. breathlessness, palpitationpalpitations, lo

53、w blood pressure 4. blurred vision, headache, nauseanausea and fainting5. clammy skin that may be either pale or flushed.On the spot treatment should include removal to a cool area and administration of moderate amounts of drinking water. If the patient is unconscious then heat stroke should be assu

54、med. In any case, a medical examination should be carried out before the victim is allowed to return to work.何 宁热疲惫的附加症状为：1. 疲劳、口渴、头昏眼花；2. 手指和脚趾感到麻木或者有刺痛感3. 喘不过气、(心)悸动、血压低4. 视觉模糊、头痛、恶心或者昏晕5. 皮肤粘糊糊的其颜色或者苍白或者发红发生热疲惫时，应及时进行处理，这包括移动到凉爽的地区和提供适度数量的饮用水。如果患者没有知觉，那么应假定为热中风。不管怎样，在患者允许返回工作前，应当对其进行体格检查。何 宁Heat

55、crampsHeat crampsIf the electrolytic balance of body fluids is sufficiently perturbed then painful muscular contractions occur in the arms, legs and abdomen. This may occur by salt deficiency or drinking large amounts of water following dehydration. Medical opinion no longer favours salt tablets but

56、 recommends a diet that provides a more natural supply of salt. However, immediate treatment may include the administration of fluid containing no more than 0.1 per cent salt.何 宁Heat rashHeat rashThis is sometimes known as prickly heat by residents of equatorial regions. It is caused by unrelieved p

57、eriods of constant perspiration. The continuous presence of unevaporated sweat produces inflammation and blockage of the sweat ducts. The typical appearance of the ailment is areas of tiny red blisters causing irritation and soreness. Although not serious in itself, heat rash may lead to secondary i

58、nfections of the skin and, if sweat rates are sufficiently inhibited, may produce an increased susceptibility to heat stroke. Heat rash can be prevented by frequent bathing and the provision of cool living quarters.何 宁Skin irritations can also occur in the hot, dry environments of some evaporite min

59、es, especially at areas of skin contact with hat bands or protective devices.何 宁Heat strokeHeat strokeThe most serious of the heat illnesses, heat stroke, may occur when the body core temperature rises above 41C. Co-ordination of the involuntary nervous system, including body thermoregulation, is ac

60、hieved by means of proteins controlled by the hypothalamus, part of the brainstem. At temperatures in excess of 41C, damage to those proteins results in the transmission of confused signals to the muscles and organs that control involuntary reactions. Furthermore, irreversible injury may be caused t