独立主格结构与倒装

1、独立分句=独立结构：指的是那些具有一个明显的主语但不用从属连词引导不用从属连词引导又不是介词补足语的非限定性状语从句或无动词状语从句无动词状语从句独立分句使用场合使用场合： 正式语体，特别是文学体裁，在口语中较为罕见。独立分句（独立主格结构）不是一个句子，它通常与主句间用逗号分开，但也有用破折号的。1. 独立分句的类型 独立分句主要有一下几种形式。 （1）名词或代词+现在分词 如： His oldest daughter rushed up to him, blood spurting from a wound in her neck. It being fine, we went out t

2、o camp. 如果这种独立分句中的分词用完成体，表示该分词的动作先于主句的谓语动词。如：（1）名词或代词+现在分词 The last bus having gone，he had to walk home。 () 名词+过去分词 如： All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. (3) 名词+形容词（短语）(3) 名词+形容词（短语） The girl stood in the snow selling matches, her hands numb with cold. The floor (being) wet and slipp

3、ery, we stayed outside. (4) 名词+ 介词短语 如： He sat still in his armchair, his head in his hand. He went off, gun in hand.(5) 名词+ 副词 如： Christmas then only days away, the family pent up with excitement. He put on his socks, wrong side out. (6) there being 如： We left the meeting, there being no point in s

4、taying. There being nothing else to do, we left.2. 独立分句的位置 独立分句的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中、句末。 如： All things considered, I think I ought to award the job to Smith. He stood in the doorway, his wet cloak dripping water in on the rug, and waited for some sign of recognition. Members of the family occupied the s

5、pare bedrooms, the remaining guests having been booked in at neighboring hotels.3. 独立分句在句中的意义 （1） 表时间 如： Spring coming on, the trees turned green. (2) 表原因 如： Mary being away, he had to do the work alone.3. 独立分句在句中的意义 (3) 表条件 如：Weather permitting, we will go swimming in the river. (4) 表示方式或伴随 如： I st

6、ood at his left, my finger on the button, waiting for the order.4. 独立分句的补充说明 独立分句可以转换成“with+复合结构”， 其作用于独立分句的作用一样。表示否定意义的独立分句可转换为“without+复合结构”。 如： With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains. I wouldnt dare to go home without the job finished.倒装句 使用倒装的情况有两种：一是语法结构需要；二是表示强调。 倒装结构可以

7、分为全部倒装和部分倒装。1. 全部倒装 以下七种情况用全部倒装结构。 （1）here, there, out, off, down, away, ahead 等表示方向的副词置于句首， 而且谓语动词为be, go, come, sit, rise, stand, fly 等不及物动词，用全部倒装结构，将谓语动词（通常用一般现在时或一般过去时）放在主语前面。 效果：情景生动，修辞效果浓。1. 全部倒装 如： There goes the bus. Down fell the trees. Out rush the boy. Down jump the man from the second fl

8、oor. a. 当主语是人称代词时，句子不能倒装。如： Here he comes. .(不能说 Here comes he.) Away they went.(不能说 Away went they.) Up she came.(不能说 Up came she.)1. 全部倒装 b.当副词不表示方向，而是跟动词一起构成短语动词，就不能提到句首，使用倒装结构。如： The car broken down.(不说 Down broke the car.) The child grew up through struggle.(不说Up the child grew through struggle

9、.)(2) 作表语的介词短语置于句首，句子须用倒装 如： In the midst of the country are many abandoned mining towns. On the table are some magazines. (3) 作状语的介词短语置于句首， 而且谓语动词是不及物动词或及物动词的被动语态（主语是代词时不能倒装主语是代词时不能倒装），句子须倒装。如： At his side lay his lovely daughter-Alice. (3) 作状语的介词短语置于句首，句子须倒装 Under the trees lay an old man. Inside

10、the parcel was a letter. In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. To the list may be added the following names.(4) 为了保持结构平衡， 将表语置于句首 Present at the party were his close friends and relatives abroad. Equally inexplicable is his behavior to his classmates.(5)在进行体中的现在分词置于句首 Standing at the g

11、ate was our Chinese teacher. Attending the state banquet were government leaders and some distinguished guests.(6)以引导词there 开头的句子，须使用倒装结构 a. 表示“有” 概念的“There+ be+ 主语”结构，如： There are three books on the desk. There was something in the box.(6)以引导词there 开头的句子，须使用倒装结构 b. 用于正式文体，特别是文学作品中的“there+不及物动词+主语”结

12、构。 如： There entered a strange little man. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.2. 部分倒装 主句使用倒装结构的具体要求是：主句的主谓结构倒装，分句不可倒装主句的主谓结构倒装，分句不可倒装；构成倒装结构的助动词、情态动词或构成倒装结构的助动词、情态动词或be动动词必须与句子的谓语动词一致词必须与句子的谓语动词一致。 部分倒装结构部分倒装结构通常有以下几种情况：（1）表示否定表示否定或近似否定意义的副近似否定意义的副词词置于句首句首 常见的副词有：never, little,

13、 seldom, barely , less, nowhere, neithernor, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, not onlybut also 等。如： Never have I got so angry. Little did I know about him. Hardly had he arrived home when it began to rain. Nowhere can we find the lost lamb. (2) 含有no的介词短语位于句首作状语 这类结构的介词短语有： by no means, under

14、 no circumstances, in no way, in no case, on no account, at no time, on no condition 等。如： Under on circumstances will we surrender to the enemy. At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.(3) Not + 状语或状语从句置于句首 如：Not before he apologizes to me will I forgive him.Not until ten at night

15、did they finish the work and go home.(4) Only + 状语或状语从句置于句首 这类结构有： only when, only after, only then, only later, only once, only in this way, only by this means, only at that moment 等。 如： Only in this way can we solve the problem successfully. Only after he got to the office did he realize that he h

16、ad left his papers at home. Only when you have a good command of grammar can you write accurately.(5) So +adj./adv.that 结构 如：So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street.So confused did he become that he could not utter a word.So ridiculous was the argument that we a

17、ll burst into laughter.So small were the words that he could hardly see them.注意注意： 当句子的谓语是be 动词时， 用全部倒装； 当句子的谓语是其他动词时， 用部分倒装。（6） so, nor, neither 置于句首， 表示与前面句子的谓语重复谓语重复 如： He is a good students. So are they. She hasnt been to Beijing. Neither/Nor have we. 注意： so 表示肯定， 用so 时前面的句子必须是肯定句； neither, nor

18、表示否定， 用neither, nor 时， 前面的句子必须是否定句。（6） so, nor, neither 置于句首， 表示与前面句子的谓语重复助动词、情态动词或be 动词通常与前面的谓语动词在时态上保持一致。 so 位于句首时，也可用正常语序，但意义不一样。两个句子主语相同时， 用正常语序；主语不同时， 则用倒装语序。如：He is very diligent. So is she. 他很勤奋。她也一样。He is very diligent. So he is.他很勤奋。他确实如此。（7）非真实条件句中省略 if 如: Had I been at the party, I would have met him. Should it rain tomorrow, we would give up our outing. Were they to do it like that, they would fail in the end.As 引导的让步状语从句 如： Much as I like her, I dont want to marry her. Tall as h