M3 语法讲义第二期326

1、高中英语语法点讲义（牛津译林 模块三）第二期1. likely adj.很可能的, 有希望的sb. be likely to do sth. 可能Its (very/ most) likely that eg. Hes likely to win the game.他很有可能会赢这场比赛.It is very likely that hes in trouble now.很可能他现在遇到麻烦了。 He seems the most likely person for the job.这项工作他似乎是最合适的人.2. be fit to do sth. 适合干某事 be fit for 适合,

2、胜任, 合格eg.The shoes are not fit to wear. 这鞋不适合穿.He is not fit for the job. 他不能胜任这份工作。3. Hit the shark on the nose.打在鲨鱼的鼻子上。这是一种动词 + 宾语 + by (on, in) + the + 身体部位等的结构，此种类型常用的动词有：catch, pull, shake, seize, hit, take, beat Suddenly, he took me by the hand.突然他抓住了我的手。The ball hit the headmaster on the hea

3、d.球打在校长的头上。 4. avoid sth./doing sth. In order to avoid failure, we had to work harder.为了避免失败，我们不得不更加努力学习。6. phrasestake on 呈现for fear of 为了避免，唯恐pay back 偿还pay off 还清， 取得成功on time 按时 in time 及时be worth sth/ doing sth 值得做.You should avoid mentioning anything that may make her sad. 你应该避免提到任何可能使她伤心的事。5.

4、 lie-lay-lain 躺 lie-lied-lied 说谎 lay-laid-laid 放置，下蛋词义辨析区别common, ordinary, usual， normal和 regular common意为“普遍的，共同的”，强调大家都有的， 比较普遍的。common也表示“普通的”（指因常见而显得普通）。 ordinary意为“普通的，平凡的”，指没有特别之处。例如： ordinary-looking 相貌平平的 usual意为“通常的”，一般指在时间上延续过去一贯的习惯。 usual place老地方 normal意为“正常的”，例如： above /below normal 正常

5、标准之上/之下regular 意味“规则的，有规律的，定期的” He's got no regular job. 他没有固定的工作。 He made a regular visit to his parents. 他定期看望父母亲。例 Instead of a jewel, it turned out to be a piece of common coloured glass.它原来不是宝石，而是一块普通的彩色玻璃。The average temperature this spring is below normal.今春平均气温比正常偏低。This is quite an ordi

6、nary event.这是一件非常普通的事。She followed the usual method.她采用平常惯用的办法。【走近高考】Letter boxes are much more in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead.( 2006年浙江)A. common B. normal C. ordinary D. usual2. A new bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago.A. normal B.

7、usualC. regular D. common答案：1. A 2. C强调句型 1. 陈述句的强调句型 It is/was 被强调部分 that/who （注意：被强调部分不能是谓语。） eg. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping. 他遇到李萍是在昨天。 It is me who he blamed. 他怪的人是我。 It was when she was about to go out that the telephone rang. 她正打算走的时候电话响了。 2. 一般疑问句的强调句型同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。例子 Was it y

8、esterday that he met Li Ping?3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？eg When and where was it that you were born?4.not until 句型的强调句A. 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分普通句：He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came

9、back that he went to bed.B. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not . 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定 句了。5.谓语动词的强调 在谓语动词前用助动词do/ does或did, 并将谓语动词还原。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！He does like English. 他确实喜欢英语。They did clean the classroom. 他们确实打扫了教室。

10、so,neither,nor引导的倒装句1. sobe /助动词/情态动词主语此句型只限于肯定句中，表示“某人或某物情况也是如此”。 eg.He has lost the address. So have I. 他丢了地址，我也是。(=I have lost the address, too.) Mary likes playing the piano. So does Jane. 玛丽喜欢弹钢琴，简也是。(=Jane likes playing the piano too.) If he goes there, so will I.如果他要去哪儿，我也去。(=I will go there,

11、 too.) 2. 否定句要用 Neither/ Nor be动词/助动词/情态动词主语，表示" 某人或物情况也不这样" eg.I have never been to Beijing. Neither/Nor has my brother. The meal didnt cost much, nor was it very delicious. 这顿饭不太贵，也不太好吃。 I have no excuse for being late, nor does he. 我没有迟到的理由，他也没有。 注意：若前面句子结构中既出现了be动词又出现了行为动词或者其它不同的形式通常用

12、So it is with 或 It's the same with。 eg. - Mary likes playing the piano, but she can't play it well. - So it is with her brother. / It's the same with her brother. 【区别】So 主语be动词/助动词/情态动词 此句型表示赞同，“某人或某物确实如此”。 eg.- You seem to like tea. - So I do. (是的，我确实喜欢) -Mary went to the park yesterday

13、. -So she did, and so did I.（她确实去了，我也去了。） neithernor表示否定意义 eg, -He doesnt like tea. -Neither/Nor he does.(确实如此) 典型例题 -Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? -I dont know, _. A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also 答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在

14、用 dont 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。倒装句1、 完全倒装将整个谓语部分置于主语之前即为完全倒装。这种完全倒装的语序出现在下列场合： 1. away ， down ， up ， in ， out 等副词位于句首且主语为名词时，可将 come ， go 等表示位置转移的动词放在主语之前。例如： The door opened and in came the teacher. Down sat Bob by the table. 2. here 和 there 位于句首，且主语为名词时，可将主语和谓语全部倒装。例如： Here is your book.

15、There comes a bus. 3. 当句首的表语或状语是表示地点的介词短语时，句子中的主语和谓语要全部倒装。例如： On the front wall is a blackboard. On the back wall hangs a map of China. 4. 有时为了使上下文紧密衔接，也要用完全倒装。例如： They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 5. 直接引语前置，引导语中的主语是名词时，主语、谓语通常要完全倒装。例如： “ Something is wrong with the mac

16、hine, ”said Xiao Dan. 注意：完全倒装结构里的主语一定不能是代词，如果是代词就不能倒装了。 例如：汤姆来了. Here comes Tom. 我们就不能说成 Here comes he. × 但是却可以说成 Here he comes. 二、 部分倒装 只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。 1. never,not,hardly, little,seldom,scarcely,rarely,no sooner,no longer, nowhere等含有否定意义的副词位于句首时，使用部分倒装。I shall never for

17、give him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永远不会宽恕他。He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃饭。She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 她几乎没时间听音乐。He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how

18、important this meeting is. 他不甚明白这个会议的重要性。We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。【注意】(1) 对于notuntil句型，当not until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序：He didnt leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain s

19、topped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。(2) 某些起副词作用的介词短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装：On no accounts must this switch be touched. 这个开关是绝不能触摸的。In /Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。但是，in no time(立即，马上)位于句首时，其后无需用倒装语序：In no time he worked out the problem. 他马上就算出了那道题。 2. “only

20、+状语”位于句首时的倒装当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时，其后用部分倒装语序：Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时，才知道出了什么事。 3. “so+adj. / adv.”位于句首时的倒装副词so后接形容词或副词位于句首时，其后用部分倒装：So cold

21、was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我们几乎没法想像它的速度。So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然，我们来不及逃跑。4.“so+助动词+主语”倒装(详细请见语法讲义P9 )当要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者，通常就要用“So+助动词+主语”这种倒装结构：You are yo

22、ung and so am I. 你年轻，我也年轻。She likes music and so do I. 她喜欢音乐，我也喜欢。If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。【注意】(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情况，要表示后者也属于同样的否定情况，则应将其中的so改为neither或nor：You arent young and neither am I. 你不年轻，我也不年轻。She hasnt read it and nor have I. 她没有读它，我也没有读。(2) 注意该结构与表示强调或同意的“so+主语+特殊动词”结构的区别："It

23、was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷。”“的确很冷。”"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答应过的。”“嗯，是答应过。”5. 由not onlybut also引出的倒装当not onlybut also位于句首引出句子时，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒装形式：Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不仅是一位教师，而且是一位诗人。Not only did h

24、e speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。6. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时，如将if省略，则要将had, were, should等移到主语前，构成倒装句：If you had come yesterday,you would have seen him./ Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。If you should require anythin

25、g, give me a ring. / Should you require anything, give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。If it were not for your help, I would still be homeless./ Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你帮助，我会仍然无家可归。【注意】省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词：Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有钱，我就会买它。hurt， harm， wound， injure1.

26、 hurt常指肉体，精神或感情上的伤害，多指伤痛。The driver hurt himself badly in the accident.那位司机在那次事故中伤得很重。 He fell and hurt his leg. 他掉下来伤了腿。His words hurt me/my feeling. 他的话伤了我的感情。注意：指肉体上的伤害时，hurt可与badly，slightly，seriously等连用；但如果指精神上的创伤，只能说very much/rather/deeply hurt。 2. harm指对人或事物造成危害, 固定短语 do harm to = do damage to

27、 eg.Smoking seriously harmed his health. 吸烟严重伤害了他的健康。3. damage主要指对于物的损害(较小，可以修复)，强调对于价值，用途，外观等所造成的损失。He damaged my car with a stone.他用石头砸坏了我的汽车。4. wound通常指外界暴力造成创伤，多指枪伤，刀伤，刺伤等皮肉之伤，特指战场上受伤.The bullet wounded his arm.子弹打伤了他的一只胳膊。He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤。5. injure着重指损害健康，成就，容貌等，强调功能的损失。inj

28、ure比hurt正式。A bullet injured his left eye.一颗子弹伤了他的左眼。Several children were injured in the accident.好几个孩子在那次事故中受伤。MOUDULE 3Unit 2 LanguageI. 课文背诵English and its historyBefore the middle of the 5th century, People in Britain all spoke Celtic.After the middle of the 5th century, the Angles and the Saxon

29、s occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. At the end of the 9th century, The Vikings began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which was also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English has become the official language of England.

30、 In 1066, The Normans defeated England and tool control of the country. After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French, while the common people spoke English. By the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry became K

31、ing of England and used English for all official events. During the Renaissance in the 16th century, Modern English began.II. Language points （语言点）1） key phrasesreplace as 取代而作为work as 担当； 充当raise animals 饲养动物contribute to 有助于, 投稿instead of代替; 而不是 .keep on changing 不断地变化in the future 在将来 mother tong

32、ue母语mixwith和.混合all through history 有史以来/漫长岁月里confusing rules 令人困惑不解的规则be made up of 由.构成; 由.组成consist of 由 . 组成That is why这就是为什么be named after 以 . 命名aside from 除 . 以外play a part in 在.中起作用take control of 控制make contributions to为 . 做出贡献go through huge changes 经历巨变lead to 导致（=result in）before the middl

33、e of the 5th century公元5世纪中期之前by the latter half of the 14th century到14世纪后半叶come into widespread 得到广泛使用On one hand., on the other hand一方面.另一方面.sentence structures1.That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. (p22) 正因为如此，英语才成了一种具有许多令人困惑不解的规则的语言。eg. The problem was that we couldnt f

34、ind a suitable time. 问题是我们找不到合适的时间。Our school is no longer what it used to be. 我们学校不再是以前的样子了。That is where Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经生活过的地方。 2. The English language is made up of the rules and vocabulary each group of people brought to Britain with them. (p22) 英语是由每个进入不列颠的人群所说语言中的规则和词汇构成的。be made up

35、of由组成（主动为make up)我们学校每个班由55名学生组成。Each class in our school is made up of fifty-five students.à Fifty-five students make up each class in our school.consist of 由 组成 (= be made up of) 提示：consist of 不用于被动语态。 consist in 在于，存在于 consist with . 与一致，相等3. They each had their own language and Anglo-Saxon

36、(the base of Old English) developed from mixing these languages with Celtic. (p22) 这三个日尔曼部落分别有自己的语言，作为古英语基础的盎格鲁-撒克逊语就是在这三种语言与凯尔特语相交汇的过程中发展起来的。mix.with 使混和,搀和,混淆,搞混eg. mix joy with sorrow 痛并快乐着Oil doesn't mix with water. 油和水不能混合。mix up 使弄不清；使混乱；混淆；His explanation just mixed me up more. 他的解释令我更加糊涂了。I always mix up the twins.我总是把这对双胞胎弄混。5. Its certain that he will come tomorrow.àHe is sure /certain