英语四级考点语法结构ppt课件

1、研讨历年真题，熟习常考的语法难点研讨历年真题，熟习常考的语法难点四级语法的要求：四级语法的要求：稳定和加深根本语法知识，提高在语篇稳定和加深根本语法知识，提高在语篇程度上运用语法知识的才干。程度上运用语法知识的才干。语法构造语法构造1,1,了解文中的所指了解文中的所指: :例例1, (95.6) The student was just about to the 1, (95.6) The student was just about to the question, question, when suddenly he found the answer. when suddenly he f

2、ound the answer. A, arrive at B, submit to C, give A, arrive at B, submit to C, give up D, work outup D, work out例例2, (95.6) All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many2, (95.6) All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but passengers could do nothing but take the tra

3、intake the train。 A, had been cancelled B, have A, had been cancelled B, have been cancelled been cancelled C, were cancelled D, having C, were cancelled D, having been cancelled been cancelled 2,2,确认逻辑关系确认逻辑关系: :3,3,语法考点语法考点: :语法重点语法重点: 虚拟语气虚拟语气, 主谓一致主谓一致, 倒装构造倒装构造, 非谓语非谓语动词动词, 状语从句状语从句, 定语从句定语从句,

4、独立主格独立主格, 情态动词。情态动词。 另外重点复习以上工程中的特殊用法。另外重点复习以上工程中的特殊用法。 着反复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词着反复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词, ,介词短语和连词。介词短语和连词。lest, in case, otherwise 等。等。一部分表示建议一部分表示建议, ,主张主张, ,命令命令, ,紧要等概念的词语紧要等概念的词语, ,由于本身隐含说话由于本身隐含说话人的客观愿望人的客观愿望, ,其后的主语从句其后的主语从句, ,宾语从句宾语从句, ,同位语从句往往采用同位语从句往往采用(should) + 动词原形动词原形1, 虚拟倒装句；虚拟倒装句；在在

5、would rather, wish, as if, its time that would rather, wish, as if, its time that 等等句型中运用适当方式表达客观愿望：句型中运用适当方式表达客观愿望：I. 虚拟语气虚拟语气:2, 用虚拟的句型：用虚拟的句型：虚拟语气常见并在复习中特别要加以留意的：虚拟语气常见并在复习中特别要加以留意的：语法构造语法构造It is vital (重要的重要的, 生死攸关的生死攸关的, 致命的致命的) It is necessaryIt is importantIt is urgent It is imperative (必要的事必

6、要的事, 势在必行的势在必行的, 急需的急需的) It is desirable + that + 动词原形动词原形It is advisable (明智的明智的, 适当的适当的)It is naturalIt is essentialIt is proposalIt is suggestionIt is lest + that + should + 动词原形动词原形If only + that + would + 动词原形动词原形It is timeIt is about time + that + 普经过去时普经过去时It is high time would rather + that

7、从句从句 + 普经过去时普经过去时语法构造语法构造2.1 重点重点 essential , important 等词后的虚拟语气等词后的虚拟语气例例3, It was essential that the application forms_ back 3, It was essential that the application forms_ back before the deadline (90,1) before the deadline (90,1) A, must be sent B, would be sent C, be sent D, were sent A, must b

8、e sent B, would be sent C, be sent D, were sent 例例4, It is important that enough money _ to fund the project. 4, It is important that enough money _ to fund the project. (97,1)(97,1)A) be collected B) must be collected C) was collected D) can be A) be collected B) must be collected C) was collected

9、D) can be collectedcollected3, if only, wish 等词后的虚拟语气等词后的虚拟语气例例5, Look at the terrible situation I am in! If I _ your advice. 5, Look at the terrible situation I am in! If I _ your advice. (93,6)(93,6) A follow B had followed would follow have A follow B had followed would follow have followedfollow

10、ed例例6, I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to6, I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95,6) A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have class. (95,6) A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have sleptslept5 条件从句中的虚拟语气条件从句中的虚

11、拟语气例例7, He must have had an accident , or he _ then (90,1)7, He must have had an accident , or he _ then (90,1) A would have been here A would have been hereB should be B should be here here C had to be here C had to be hereD would be D would be herehere语法构造语法构造II. 主谓一致三条原那么主谓一致三条原那么 1) 语法一致原那么语法一致原

12、那么例例8, My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.例例9, My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.2) 意义一致原那么意义一致原那么例例10, The class are busying writing English passages.10, The class are busying writing English passages.例例11, The United States is a developed country which has 11

13、, The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology. advanced science and technology.3) 就近原那么就近原那么例例12, Neither my friends nor I was able 12, Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our to persuade him to accept our advice. advice. 例例13, Either he

14、 or she has broken the window, 13, Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no for there is no one else there.one else there.例例14, There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom. 14, There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom. 由由either.or, neither.nor, not only.but al

15、so either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also 衔接或衔接或由由here, therehere, there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵照这一原那么等引导的句子，谓语动词遵照这一原那么语法构造语法构造1. 动词单复数动词单复数1.2, 用用 and 衔接的成份普通用复数。衔接的成份普通用复数。例例18, your problem and mine are similar.例例19, Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.例例20, Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unrea

16、sonable a price for a second-hand car. A) is B) are C) were D) be例例21, My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.cattle (家畜家畜,牛牛), people, poultry (家禽家禽), militia (义勇军义勇军, 民民兵组织兵组织), police, faculty, flock, machinery, personnel, vermin(害虫害虫,歹徒歹徒)等等,动词要用复数。动词要用复数。1.1, 复数名词。复数名词。例例15, The

17、police have caught the murder.15, The police have caught the murder.例例16, Our personnel are very highly trained.16, Our personnel are very highly trained.例例17, The vermin(17, The vermin(害虫害虫, ,歹徒歹徒) are very dangerous.) are very dangerous.语法构造语法构造1.3, 主语中含有某些连词主语中含有某些连词 (as well as, besides, in addi

18、tion to 等等) 时，时， 谓语动词的数同第一个主语坚持一致谓语动词的数同第一个主语坚持一致例例22, Bread and butter_ what Americans usually have for 22, Bread and butter_ what Americans usually have for breakfast. breakfast. A) are B) is C) was D) were A) are B) is C) was D) were例例23, Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unreasonable a price 23,

19、 Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car. A) is B) are C) were for a second-hand car. A) is B) are C) were D) beD) be1.4, 动词常用单数的情况动词常用单数的情况1.4.1, 名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词普通用单数方式名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词普通用单数方式例例24, To finish the work in advance is what he wants.24, T

20、o finish the work in advance is what he wants.例例25, Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health25, Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health例例26, What seems easy in theory is difficult in 26, What seems easy in theory is difficult in practice.practice.例例27, What caused the accident is a comp

21、lete mystery.27, What caused the accident is a complete mystery.语法构造语法构造1.4.2 what 引导名词从句作主语时，其表语是复数方式时，引导名词从句作主语时，其表语是复数方式时， 系动词也可以是复数方式系动词也可以是复数方式例例28, What we badly need here are qualified teachers.28, What we badly need here are qualified teachers.1.4.3, 当主语是单数当主语是单数, 后面跟着由后面跟着由 including, with,

22、 together with, along with, like, in addition to, as well as, rather than, but, except, more than, accompanied by 等衔接的短语时等衔接的短语时,谓语动词用谓语动词用单数。单数。例例29, the factory, with all its equipment, has been burned. 例例30, Mary as well as her sister likes listening to music.例例31, Doctor Richards, together with

23、his wife and three children, is to arrive on the afternoon flight.例例32, My best friend rather than anyone else has got the first prize in the speech contest.语法构造语法构造1.4.4, one, one of, every, everyone, everybody, each, many a, either, neither, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody 用作主语或

24、修饰主语时，动词用单数方式用作主语或修饰主语时，动词用单数方式例例33, Each man, woman and child has the same right. 33, Each man, woman and child has the same right. 例例34, Many a student doesnt like to do their homework.34, Many a student doesnt like to do their homework. (many a student (many a studentmany students)many students)例

25、例35, Either of students is going to compete for the president of 35, Either of students is going to compete for the president of thethe students union. students union. 例例36, More than one person was involved in the case. 36, More than one person was involved in the case. 例例37, every boy and girl is

26、treated in the same way. 37, every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 例例38, Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in 38, Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university . the university . A) has been accepted A) has been accepted B) have been accepte

27、d B) have been accepted C) was accepted C) was accepted D) were acceptedD) were accepted1, neither 用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数方式。用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数方式。2, 定语从句用过去完成时，主句运用普经过去时。定语从句用过去完成时，主句运用普经过去时。语法构造语法构造1.4.5, 表示时间表示时间, 间隔间隔, 分量分量, 体积体积, 钱的复数名词钱的复数名词, 作主语时作为整体来对待作主语时作为整体来对待, 动词通常用单数。动词通常用单数。例例39, Five thousa

28、nds dollars is quite a large sum of money to 39, Five thousands dollars is quite a large sum of money to me.me.例例40, Fifty miles is too long a distance for one to walk on 40, Fifty miles is too long a distance for one to walk on foot.foot.例例41, Ten years has passed but he didnt change at all.41, Ten

29、 years has passed but he didnt change at all.1.4.6, a portion of , a series of, a kind of, a body of, a species of, a pair of + 名词名词 作主语时，其动词普通用单数方式作主语时，其动词普通用单数方式例例42, A series of accidents has occurred recently in 42, A series of accidents has occurred recently in America.America.例例43, A pair of n

30、ew glasses is quite expensive.43, A pair of new glasses is quite expensive.语法构造语法构造1.4.8, 事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数数例例46, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written 46, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain and it is an interesting book. by Ma

31、rk Twain and it is an interesting book. 例例47, The United Nations is an organization to defend world 47, The United Nations is an organization to defend world peace. peace. 1.4.7, 表示数量的短语表示数量的短语 a lot of, any of, most of, half of, two thirds of, 20 percent of part of some of, none of, all of + 名词时名词时

32、, 动词取决动词取决 于名词的单复数而定。于名词的单复数而定。例例44, Most of the book is interesting.44, Most of the book is interesting.例例45, Most of the books are informative though a little 45, Most of the books are informative though a little dull.dull.语法构造语法构造2, 集体名词作主语时集体名词作主语时2.1, 可以单数也可以复数的名词可以单数也可以复数的名词 凡是有复数词尾变化方式的集合名词都属

33、于此类。凡是有复数词尾变化方式的集合名词都属于此类。a class / classes; a family / families; a government / governments; an army / armies; a people / peoples; a group / groups; a crowd / crowds; a crew / crews 等等例例48, A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning. 48, A big crowd often gathers on the square every morn

34、ing. 例例49, The government has decided to pass the bill. 49, The government has decided to pass the bill. 例例50, There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday. 50, There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday. 例例51, There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.51, There are many English-spe

35、aking peoples in the world.留意，这类集合名词有时以单数方式表示复数的概念，这时动词也用复数。留意，这类集合名词有时以单数方式表示复数的概念，这时动词也用复数。语法构造语法构造2.2, 单数名词单数名词这类名词常见的有：这类名词常见的有：humanity (humanity (博爱博爱, , 人性人性, , 人类人类), ), mankind, proletariat mankind, proletariat ( (无产阶级无产阶级) ) 等等例例52, The proletariat is the greatest class in the 52, The prol

36、etariat is the greatest class in the history of history of mankind. In the fields of production and mankind. In the fields of production and scientific scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress. experiment, mankind makes constant progress.2.3, 单复同形单复同形例例53, The school teaching staff are

37、 (is) excellent. 53, The school teaching staff are (is) excellent. 例例54, The public is (are) requested not to litter in the 54, The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park. park. 例例55, The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.55, The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid

38、.class, family, team, crew, board, herd,committee, party, jury, enemy, audience 等等这类名词常见的有：这类名词常见的有：语法构造语法构造比较：比较：例例56, The football team is playing well.56, The football team is playing well. 那个足球队打得非常美丽。那个足球队打得非常美丽。例例57, The football team are having bath and are57, The football team are having bat

39、h and are then coming back here for tea. then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。例例58, The family is a very happy one.58, The family is a very happy one. 那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。例例59, That family are very pleased about 59, That family are very pleased about the new

40、s of Williams success. the news of Williams success. 全家人对威廉的胜利都感到很高兴。全家人对威廉的胜利都感到很高兴。2.3, 单复同形单复同形语法构造语法构造III. 倒装构造倒装构造1, 否认意义的词位于句首引起的倒装否认意义的词位于句首引起的倒装 never (从不从不), seldom (很少很少), few (很少很少), little (很少很少), rarely (很少很少), barely (很少很少), hardly (很少很少), scarcely (很少很少), nowhere (任何地方都不任何地方都不) 等。等。10

41、6, a machine been so efficient and accurate as the electronic computer. A. More than ever before B. Never before has C. In the past, there never has D. Formerly there never was107, Never as bad as it is now in this city. A. air pollution has been B. has been air pollution C. has air pollution been D

42、. air has pollution been108, Little when I embarked on this quest where it would leas me. A. have I known B. had I known C. do I know D. did I know语法构造语法构造否认意义的短语位于句首引起的倒装否认意义的短语位于句首引起的倒装 at no time (at no time (决不决不, ,任何时候也不任何时候也不), by no means (), by no means (决不决不), in no case (), in no case (决不决

43、不),),under no circumstances (under no circumstances (无论如何也不无论如何也不), in no sense (), in no sense (决不决不), in vain (), in vain (徒劳徒劳), ), in no way(in no way(决不决不), on no account (), on no account (决不决不), no longer(), no longer(不再不再), no more (), no more (不再不再), ), not until (not until (直到直到才才), not fo

44、r a moment (), not for a moment (从不从不) ) 等。等。一些短语性连词一些短语性连词, not onlybut also (, not onlybut also (不但不但而且而且), ), no soonerthan (no soonerthan (一一就就), hardly (scarcely)when (), hardly (scarcely)when (一一就就) ) 也引起倒装。也引起倒装。109, At no time, and under no circumstances the first to use nuclear 109, At no t

45、ime, and under no circumstances the first to use nuclear weapon. weapon. A. China will be B. will be China C. will China be D. shall A. China will be B. will be China C. will China be D. shall China be China be 110, “On no account to feed animals110, “On no account to feed animals, the warning can b

46、e seen , the warning can be seen on the signboard in front of every cage. on the signboard in front of every cage. A. allow visitors B. visitors are allowed A. allow visitors B. visitors are allowed C. allow visitors D. are allowed visitors C. allow visitors D. are allowed visitors111, Hardly home w

47、hen the telephone rang.111, Hardly home when the telephone rang. A. I got B. did I got C. I had got D. had I got A. I got B. did I got C. I had got D. had I got 语法构造语法构造2, 以以only或或so引导状语或表语位于句首引起的倒装引导状语或表语位于句首引起的倒装only+状语状语+谓语一部分谓语一部分+主语主语+谓语的另一部分谓语的另一部分+当构成关联从属连词当构成关联从属连词 so.that 的的 so 位于句首时位于句首时,

48、往往要运用倒装构造。往往要运用倒装构造。 so +状语状语+V+S+V+that引导的状语从句引导的状语从句so +表语表语(描画词描画词)+be+S+V+that引导的状语从句引导的状语从句112, Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar correctly. A. you will write B. can you write C. you can write D. you could write113, Only under special circumstances from freshman compositio

49、n and literature examination. A. freshman excused B. freshman are excused C. are freshman excused D. are excused freshman 114, So little about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me. A. I know B. I knew C. do I know D. did I know115, So loudly did the students read that people could h

50、ear them out in the street.116, So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 117, In fact, so powerful that it paved the way for a whole new era in construction and engineering. A. was the new explosion B. the new explosive was C. was new explosive D. new explosive was语法构造语法构造强调性倒装强调性倒装 11

51、8, dense was the jungle there that we had to rely on our ears instead of our eyes. A. How B. Extremely C. Very D. So119, that the pilot couldnt fly through it. A. The storm so severe was B. So severe was the storm C. So the storm was severe D. Such was the storm severe So, nor, neither引起的倒装引起的倒装在并列分

52、句中在并列分句中, 假设第二部分所表达的内容与第一部分一样假设第二部分所表达的内容与第一部分一样, 习惯上用习惯上用So, nor, neither引起一个省略的倒装句。引起一个省略的倒装句。一定式用一定式用So, 否认式用否认式用 nor或或 neither。120, Surroundings have changed and in them. A. so have the people B. the people have so C. have the people so D. the people so have121, For a long time we hardly saw any

53、 lights, we see the shore. A. nor did B. did nor C. nor D. nor do 语法构造语法构造退让状语从句的倒装退让状语从句的倒装 由由asas引起的退让状语从句由以下两个句型构造引起的退让状语从句由以下两个句型构造 1) 1) 动词原形动词原形+as+as+主语主语+ +助动词助动词 ( (情态动词情态动词)+)+主句主句2) 2) 描画词描画词 ( (副词副词, ,名词名词) +as+) +as+主语主语+ +动词动词+ +主句主句122, , I couldnt lift the box. A. As I might try B. A

54、s try I might C. Try as I might D Try though I might123, , he does get irritated with her sometimes. A. As he likes her much B. Much as he likes her C. As much he likes her D. He likes her so much124, Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets. (表语+as+代词作主语+系动词be)125, Difficult as the work

55、was, it was finished in time. 或: Difficult as was the work, it was finished in time. (表语 + as + 名词作主语 + 系动词be; 或: 表语 + as + 系动词be + 名词作主语)语法构造语法构造注注: 1) 用用 as 引导的退让状语从句引导的退让状语从句, 表语应放在表语应放在 as 之前之前 (例例124和例和例125); 假设主语是代词假设主语是代词,主语就要放在系动词主语就要放在系动词 be 之前之前, 例例124; 假设主语是名词假设主语是名词, 那么主语可以放在系动词那么主语可以放在系

56、动词 be 之前或后之前或后,例例125。 2) 用用 as 引导的退让状语从句中引导的退让状语从句中, 假设谓语是假设谓语是“助动词助动词+主要动词原形主要动词原形, 应把主要动词原形放在应把主要动词原形放在 as 之前之前, 语序为语序为: 主要动词原形主要动词原形as主语助动词。主语助动词。 Say as you could124, Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets. (表语+as+代词作主语+系动词be)125, Difficult as the work was, it was finished in time.

57、或: Difficult as was the work, it was finished in time. (表语 + as + 名词作主语 + 系动词be; 或: 表语 + as + 系动词be + 名词作主语)语法构造语法构造3, 省略连词省略连词if的虚拟条件句中的倒装的虚拟条件句中的倒装假设虚拟条件句中含有假设虚拟条件句中含有were或或had，should, could等助动等助动词或情态动词时，连词可以省略。省略后，主句不变，从词或情态动词时，连词可以省略。省略后，主句不变，从句要用倒装，将句要用倒装，将were之类的动词提到句首。之类的动词提到句首。126, to the do

58、ctor right away, he might have been alive today. A. If he went B. should he have gone C. Were he gone D. Had he gone127, you were coming today, Id have met you at the airport. A. Have I known B. I have known C. Had I known D. I had known语法构造语法构造 4, 以副词以副词 here, there, off, out, away 等开头的句子等开头的句子, 主要

59、是表示感慨语气的句子，当其主语为名词时，通常要运用倒装。主要是表示感慨语气的句子，当其主语为名词时，通常要运用倒装。 128, Here comes our teacher! 他们的教师来了！他们的教师来了！ 129, Away went the boy to the school! 那男孩子到学校里去了！那男孩子到学校里去了！ 130, Off goes the woman! 那个女人走了！那个女人走了！ 5, 当平常普通不放在句首的状语当平常普通不放在句首的状语, 为了强调而放在句首时为了强调而放在句首时, 运用倒装构造。运用倒装构造。 131, Near the bridge was a

60、n old cottage. 132, Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger. 6, 某些退让状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首某些退让状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首, 以构成倒装构造。以构成倒装构造。 133, No matter how interesting the book is, he doesnt like to read it.(语序语序: No matter how表语十主语十系动词表语十主语十系动词be) 134, However hard a solid may be, we can change its