无机非金属材料工程专业英语学习教案

1、会计学1无机无机(wj)非金属材料工程专业英语非金属材料工程专业英语 第一页，共56页。第1页/共55页第二页，共56页。第2页/共55页第三页，共56页。第3页/共55页第四页，共56页。第4页/共55页第五页，共56页。第5页/共55页第六页，共56页。VocabularyContemporary 当代当代Stimulus 激励，刺激激励，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透明Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深层的根深蒂固的，深层的Existence 存在存在, 实在实在, 生活生活(shnghu), 存在物存在物, 实在物

2、实在物Sophisticated 复杂的复杂的Forerunner 先驱先驱(者者), 传令官传令官, 预兆预兆Intimately 密切地密切地第6页/共55页第七页，共56页。第7页/共55页第八页，共56页。第8页/共55页第九页，共56页。第9页/共55页第十页，共56页。1.1 Historical perspective (观察观察(gunch)，透视，透视) Materials are probably more deep-seated (根深蒂固的根深蒂固的, 深层的深层的) in our culture than most of us realize. Transportat

3、ion, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娱乐（娱乐(yl)）, and food productionvirtually（事实上（事实上） every segment （方面）（方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地）（不同程度地） by materials. 第10页/共55页第十一页，共56页。第11页/共55页第十二页，共56页。Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebro

4、nze age第12页/共55页第十三页，共56页。第13页/共55页第十四页，共56页。第14页/共55页第十五页，共56页。It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能够(nnggu)） t

5、hem to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials. 第15页/共55页第十六页，共56页。第16页/共55页第十七页，共56页。The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the ancestor of the cup if trace back to 7000 years ago?porcelainceramics第17页/共55页第十八页，共

6、56页。第18页/共55页第十九页，共56页。what are called semi-conducting （半导体的） materials.第19页/共55页第二十页，共56页。Materials scientists and engineers seek （try, investigate寻求寻求(xnqi)）to understand and control the basic structure of materials in order to make the products stronger, lighter, brighter, safer, faster and bette

7、r suited (adapt, fit )to (适合适合) human needs. Every part in your car and every piece of your computer are carefully selected to optimize (优化优化) performance and cost effectiveness.3.Task for Materials scientists and engineers第20页/共55页第二十一页，共56页。4.Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) discipline The

8、discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a prede

9、termined (预定预定(ydng)的的) set of properties. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships between material properties and structural elements.第21页/共55页第二十二页，共56页。第22页/共55页第二十三页，共56页。第23页/共55页第二十四页，共56页。第24页/共55页第二十五页，共56页。第25页/共55页第二十六页，共56页。第26页/共55页第二十七页，共56页。第27页/共55页第二十八页，共56页。第28页/

10、共55页第二十九页，共56页。第29页/共55页第三十页，共56页。For example, the development of steels permitted the building of skyscrapers and suspension bridges; advances in silicon based technology provided the foundation for electronics and computers,New biomaterials have resulted in medical breakthroughs that save and impr

11、ove lives. Materials scientists and engineers focus on the manipulation of atomic scale structure to change materials properties第30页/共55页第三十一页，共56页。This focus has pushed our discipline to the forefront（最前沿）（最前沿） of developing and applying new tools to observe and manipulate matter at the smallest sc

12、ales. These advances continue to play an important part in the emergence of fields such as nanotechnology at the beginning of the 21st century. 第31页/共55页第三十二页，共56页。5 The future of humanity depends on our wise use of materialsMost of the technological innovations that we associate with contemporary（现

13、代（现代(xindi)） life have involved some major advance in materials processing or application. 第32页/共55页第三十三页，共56页。Automobiles, satellites, televisions, computers and DVD players all would not be possible without advances in polymers, ceramics, metals and semiconductors. New advances are being pioneered

14、 in our laboratories. 第33页/共55页第三十四页，共56页。pThe direct threat of global warming and dwindling(缩小缩小)fossil fuel resources have made the efficient use of energy a priority(优先优先). pMSE faculty and students work actively to make light-weight engine components out of aluminum and magnesium in order to boo

15、st(促进促进(cjn),增强增强) fuel efficiency. pThey also pioneer improved high-temperature materials that are important for efficient jet engines and electricity generation. 第34页/共55页第三十五页，共56页。To restore hearing to deaf people and sight to blind people prosthetic devices must make contact between the brain a

16、nd a microphone or camera. MSE faculty and students work to find ways to Interface（ 界面界面(jimin)）silicon technology to neural tissue（神经组织）（神经组织）. This requires the development of coatings that are biocompatible (生物相容的生物相容的) and electrically conducting.第35页/共55页第三十六页，共56页。Moores law states that the nu

17、mber of transistors（晶体管）（晶体管） on the latest computer chip doubles approximately every 18 months. This translates into more memory and faster, cheaper computers. But there is a limit to the density of transistors that can be placed on a computer chip using current technology. 第36页/共55页第三十七页，共56页。MSE

18、faculty and students develop methods to spontaneously（自发(zf)）generate structures a few tens to hundreds of atoms across to form the basis for quantum （量子）computers. These next generation computers will exploit the physics of quantum confinement （量子陷阱） that dominate at that tiny scale. 第37页/共55页第三十八页

19、，共56页。Making components out of new materials often involves an extensive cycle of design, creation, testing and redesign. This process is costly and time consuming. MSE faculty and students develop computer simulation techniques to predict material behavior such as resistance to failure, stability,

20、and high temperature formability. These computing advances speed the way toward the introduction of new materials in a safe and cost-effective manner. 第38页/共55页第三十九页，共56页。Building on a solid foundation and bridging many fields第39页/共55页第四十页，共56页。 Course work in the MSE department emphasizes the relat

21、ionship between how a material is processed, its structure and the resulting properties and is built on a firm grounding in physics and chemistry. Hands-on learning and access to sophisticated instrumentation allow students to gain valuable experience in characterizing materials structure and proper

22、ties.（you can be a police using SEM or TEM） 第40页/共55页第四十一页，共56页。Because materials enable new products and technologies, it is nearly impossible to find an engineering discipline that does not interface in some way with Materials Science and Engineering. This is especially true for mechanical, aerosp

23、ace, electrical, chemical and biomedical engineering where dual majors are often pursued. 第41页/共55页第四十二页，共56页。1.2 Materials science and engineering1. Terms of definition Materials Science: investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.Materials Enginee

24、ring: on the basis of structure property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.第42页/共55页第四十三页，共56页。Structure: A nebulous(模糊模糊(m hu)） term; In brief, the arrangement of its internal componentsSubatomic structure-involves electr

25、ons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nucleiAt atomic level-structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.microscopic (显微显微(xin wi)a large group of atoms agglomerated together.Macroscopic (宏观宏观) where the structure elements might be viewed

26、 by naked eye. 第43页/共55页第四十四页，共56页。property: 1.a material trait (特性特性(txng) in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus。Examples:A loaded steel bar will be deformedA heated plastic plate will be softened A polished metal surface will reflect light第44页/共55页第四十五页，共56页

27、。1.Mechanical2.electrical 3.thermal 4. Magnetic5.optical 6.deteriorative(变质变质(bin zh)，化学化学) a elastic modulusb. index of refractionc. strengthd. reflectivitye. thermal conductivityf. heat capacityg. electrical conductivityh. plasticityI. electromagneticj. light radiationk.chemical reactivityl.Dielec

28、tric constantVirtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different property:第45页/共55页第四十六页，共56页。In addition to structure and properties, processing and performance are another two important components for MSE. Four components that are involved in the design, product

29、ion and utilization of materialsprocessing structure properties performance第46页/共55页第四十七页，共56页。Three thin aluminum disk specimens placed over printed matter, from left to right they are transparent, translucent and opaque, why? Because they are processed differently , then have different structure;

30、different structure leads to different properties and if they are put into use, the performance must be different too.第47页/共55页第四十八页，共56页。1.3 Why study Materials science and engineering? Many an applied scientist or engineer will at one time or another，whether mechanical, civil (土木土木), chemical, or

31、electrical, be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear (传传动齿轮动齿轮(chln), the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery (炼油厂炼油厂) component, or an integrated circuit chip (集成电路板集成电路板). Of course, materials scientists and engineers are such specia

32、list who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials. For them try to selection proper materials to fulfill specific purpose is not easy. 第48页/共55页第四十九页，共56页。Three criteria that are important in the materials selection purpose:1. In-service conditions must be characterized2. Any deterioration of material properties that may be occur during service operation3. Overriding(最重要最重要(zhngyo) c