有创意的绿色建筑

1、1Green Buildings绿色建筑绿色建筑International Environmental Forum on Leapfrogging Development in China中国跨越式发展国际环境论坛中国跨越式发展国际环境论坛 Robert Watson, NRDC美国自然资源保护委员会美国自然资源保护委员会Chairman LEED Steering CommitteeLEED指导委员会主席指导委员会主席2About NRDC美国自然资源保护委员会美国自然资源保护委员会Founded in 1970成立于成立于19701970年年Law, Science, Policy and

2、 People in defense of the Earth通过法律、科学、政策和人的力量保护地球通过法律、科学、政策和人的力量保护地球4 Offices; 250 professionals4 4个办事机构；个办事机构；250250名专业人员名专业人员1,000,000 Members & e-Activists全美全美100万名会员万名会员3Environmental Impact of Buildings建筑对环境的影响建筑对环境的影响4How We See Buildings我们如何看待建筑我们如何看待建筑5What We Dont See我们没有看到

3、的我们没有看到的678Energy Use & Atmospheric Emissions能耗和大气污染物排放能耗和大气污染物排放935-40% of the Municipal Solid Waste Stream10 消耗美国消耗美国80%80%的饮用水的饮用水11700,000 hectares developed each year in China中国每年开发中国每年开发70万公顷土地万公顷土地3,000,000 mu farmland are being replaced by development each year每年每年300万亩农田被开发项目占用万亩农田被开发项目

4、占用12Design and construction practices that significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the environment and occupants in five broad areas:建筑设计和施工应在五个方面明显降低或消除建筑对环境和建筑设计和施工应在五个方面明显降低或消除建筑对环境和用户的负面影响：用户的负面影响： Sustainable site planning 场址规划的可持续性场址规划的可持续性 Safeguarding water and

5、water efficiency 保护水和提高水的使用效率保护水和提高水的使用效率 Energy efficiency and renewable energy 节能和可再生能源的开发利用节能和可再生能源的开发利用 Conservation of materials and resources 材料与资源节约材料与资源节约 Indoor environmental quality 室内环境质量室内环境质量13Man-made SystemsHuman and Manufactured WasteAgricultural ResourcesTransportationEnergy Systems

6、Resource extraction impactSocial EquitySocial Equity社会公平社会公平GovernmentSocial JusticeHistoric Continuity (sacred places)Community Quality and ResponsibilityMaterial resources-human impactSpiritual and Physical HealthEconomicEconomic经济经济Local EconomyLocal materials and workforceGlobal EconomyGovernmen

7、t Government Mandated Mandated MinimumsMinimums政府强制要求的政府强制要求的最低水平最低水平Greening GoalsGreening Goals绿色目标绿色目标Sustainability TargetsSustainability Targets可持续发展目标可持续发展目标 SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE CONDITIONCONDITION 可持续发展的条件可持续发展的条件EnvironmentEnvironment环境环境Natural SystemsSunWindWater SystemsAnimal and Plant

8、 Habitat D D B B C C A ADesigning for Sustainability14Opportunity / Problem RecognizedNeeds AssessmentSearch for new site / buildingTest designs / budget analysis.Site selected(Zoning and Financing Approval period forSpeculative Developments)Design Team SelectionSchematic and Design DevelopmentPhase

9、Construction Document PhaseGovernment Permit Review PeriodBidding / NegotiationConstructionOccupancy and Operations andMaintenanceOpportunites for Cost-effective EcologicalDesign SolutionsCosts raise if Ecological Design Solutionsare addressed later in the Design ProcessAdapted from ENSARs GraphEcol

10、ogical Design Opportunities生态设计的机遇生态设计的机遇15Lost Opportunities失掉的机遇失掉的机遇 New construction is the best time to capture benefits of green building and transform the market新建筑是抓住绿色建筑效益和市场转型的最好时机。新建筑是抓住绿色建筑效益和市场转型的最好时机。 If opportunity is missed initially, waste and damage could go on for years如果失掉最初的机会，浪

11、费和破坏则将持续多年。如果失掉最初的机会，浪费和破坏则将持续多年。 Marginal cost is lowest此时的边际成本最低。此时的边际成本最低。 Opportunities for integration can result in benefits and eliminate extra costs抓住整合的机会可带来额外效益并消除额外抓住整合的机会可带来额外效益并消除额外。16Green Building Assessment Systems绿色建筑评估体系绿色建筑评估体系 United States: LEEDTM （美国）美国） Britain: BREEAM（英国）英国）

12、Japan: CASBEE（日本）日本） Canada: GBTool（加拿大）加拿大） France: ESCALE（法国）法国） Norway: Eco Profile（挪威）挪威） Germany: LND（德国）德国） Australia: NABERS（澳大利亚）澳大利亚） China: “Evaluation System for Green 中国：绿色奥运建筑评估标准中国：绿色奥运建筑评估标准17Key attributes of successful construction standards:成功的建筑标准的关键属性成功的建筑标准的关键属性1.Technically sou

13、nd 技术合理技术合理2.Green achievement 绿色绿色3.Feasibility可行可行4.Market acceptability市场接受市场接受5.Program support支持方案支持方案18History of Green Buildings绿色建筑的历史绿色建筑的历史Modern green building movement started with energy crises of the 1970s现代绿色建筑运动始于现代绿色建筑运动始于19701970年代的能源危机年代的能源危机Began with energy efficiency standards

14、and codes从节能标准和规范开始从节能标准和规范开始Followed by indoor air quality, material issues, site and water19Mesa Verde: Americas First Green Building美洲最早的绿色建筑美洲最早的绿色建筑20U.S. Green Building Council美国绿色建筑协会美国绿色建筑协会 Founded in 1993, the organizations purpose is to: 成立于成立于19931993年，该组织的目标是：年，该组织的目标是：Integrate buildin

15、g industry sectors 整合建筑业整合建筑业Lead market transformation 领导市场转型领导市场转型Educate owners and practitioners 培训业主和从业人员培训业主和从业人员 National nonprofit organization based in Washington, DC 设于华盛顿特区的非赢利性机构设于华盛顿特区的非赢利性机构 Diverse membership of organizations由多样性的机构会员组成由多样性的机构会员组成21Leadership in Energy & Environme

16、ntal Design世界上最绿色的世界上最绿色的建筑设计、施工与认证的先导体系建筑设计、施工与认证的先导体系22Why Was LEEDTM Created?为什么创建为什么创建LEEDTM ?Define “green” by providing a standard for measurement 提供一个衡量标准给提供一个衡量标准给“绿色绿色”定义定义Prevent “greenwashing” (false or exaggerated claims) 防止滥用防止滥用“绿色绿色” (” (错误的或夸张的错误的或夸张的) )Use as a design guideline 作为设计

17、指导作为设计指导Promote whole-building, integrated design processes推动整座建筑的整合的设计过程推动整座建筑的整合的设计过程23Where LEED Fits in the MarketLEED的市场份额的市场份额绿色建筑市场绿色建筑市场典型做法典型做法大多数大多数75%75%违法者违法者绿色标准绿色标准绿色建筑绿色建筑 25%25%创新者创新者风险承担者风险承担者24020406080100120140160180Million SF199920002001200220032004YTDPilots2004200320022001200019

18、9926162.587.545.510.11.1Growth in LEED: 18 million SM; 1,500 Projects LEED的增长：的增长：1,800平米；平米； 1,500个工程个工程14725Growth in USGBC Membership美国绿色建筑协会员的增长美国绿色建筑协会员的增长 BEGAN IN 1993 WITH 23 MEMBERS1993年年23家会员家会员发起发起05001000150020002500300035004000450019992001200326LEEDTM Point Distribution LEEDTM评分标准评分标准Wa

19、terEfficiency8%Energy &Atmosphere27%Materials &Resources20%SustainableSites22%IndoorEnvironmentalQuality23%室内空气室内空气质量质量23%可持续性选址可持续性选址22%材料与资源材料与资源20%节水节水8%能源与大气能源与大气27%27Technical Overview of LEEDTM LEEDTM的技术概要的技术概要( (续续) ) Whole-building approach encourages and guides a collaborative, inte

20、grated design and construction process Optimizes environmental and economic factors 优化环境与经济因素优化环境与经济因素28Sustainable Sites 可持续性选址可持续性选址Erosion & sediment control (PR)侵蚀及沉积控制侵蚀及沉积控制Site selection地址的选定地址的选定Urban redevelopment城市再开发城市再开发Brownfield redevelopment被污染土地的再开发被污染土地的再开发Alternative transporta

21、tion可替代交通可替代交通29Sustainable Sites 可持续性选址可持续性选址Reduced site disturbance减少对场址的影响减少对场址的影响Stormwater management雨水管理雨水管理Landscape & exterior design to reduce heat islands减少热岛效应的景观和外部设计减少热岛效应的景观和外部设计Light pollution reduction减少光污染减少光污染30Erosion & Sediment Control侵蚀和沉积控制侵蚀和沉积控制侵蚀和沉积控制隔栅侵蚀和沉积控制隔栅31PN

22、C Bank - Pittsburgh, PA PNC 银行银行 匹茨堡匹茨堡Efficient Site Selection 高效的选址高效的选址32Kandalama - Dambulla, Sri Lanka斯里兰卡的案例斯里兰卡的案例 253,000 gsf Hotel; reduced site disturbance 253,000 gsf 酒店酒店;减少对场址的影响减少对场址的影响33Infiltration Trenches滤水渠34Constructed Wetlands人工湿地人工湿地废水入口废水入口非渗透层非渗透层渗透层渗透层清洁水出口清洁水出口35Retention P

23、onds蓄水池36Green Roofs绿色屋顶绿色屋顶Gap Corporate Headquarters, San Bruno, CA37Energy & Atmosphere能源与环境能源与环境Fundamental building commissioning (PR)建筑的基本试运行建筑的基本试运行Meet ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 (PR)符合符合ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 Eliminate CFCs (PR)消除氟里昂消除氟里昂 Exceed ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 by 超过超过ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999

24、238Energy & Atmosphere能源与环境能源与环境Use of alternative or renewable energy使用可替代或可再生能源使用可替代或可再生能源Additional commissioning其它试运行其它试运行Eliminate HCFCs and Halons 消除消除氢氯化烃氢氯化烃( (HCFC)HCFC)和和哈龙哈龙( (HalonHalon) ) Measurement and verification 测量及检验测量及检验Green power contract 绿色电力合同绿色电力合同39Efficient Lighting高效照

25、明高效照明Source: Croxton Collaborative40“Super Windows”“超级窗超级窗”Source: Croxton Collaborative41Integrating Natural and Electric Light 整合自然光和灯光照明整合自然光和灯光照明42Underfloor Air地板下送风地板下送风43Building Controls楼宇自控楼宇自控44Photovoltaic Roof屋顶光伏发电屋顶光伏发电45Water Efficiency 用水效率用水效率Water efficient landscaping提高用水效率的景观设计提高

26、用水效率的景观设计Innovative wastewater technologies创新的废水技术创新的废水技术Water use reduction减少用水量减少用水量46Water Efficiency-Xeriscape用水效率用水效率 - 耐旱地形耐旱地形47Water Efficiency: Drip Irrigation用水效率：滴灌用水效率：滴灌48Waterless Urinals无水小便器无水小便器No Smell!无味无味!49Dual Flush Toilets双冲厕所双冲厕所50On-site Wastewater Treatment & Recycling现

27、场废水处理现场废水处理&再用再用51Rainwater Capture雨水收集雨水收集 Chesapeake Bay Foundation52Materials and Resources材料与资源材料与资源 Storage & collection of recyclables (PR)可回收物的储存与收集可回收物的储存与收集 Building reuse 建筑再利用建筑再利用 Construction waste management建筑垃圾管理建筑垃圾管理 Resource reuse 资源再利用资源再利用 Use of materials with recycled c

28、ontent使用含有再生成份的材料使用含有再生成份的材料 Use of local/regional materials使用本地材料使用本地材料 Rapidly renewable materials可快速再生资源可快速再生资源 Certified wood 认证的木材认证的木材53Construction Waste Recycling施工废弃物回收施工废弃物回收54Deconstruction拆房拆房55Sustainable Materials & Resources可持续的材料与资源可持续的材料与资源56Rapidly Renewable Materials可快速再生材料可快速

29、再生材料Bamboo竹材竹材Wheatboard麦秸板麦秸板57Certified Wood认证的木材认证的木材Clearcut滥伐滥伐Selective Harvesting择伐择伐58Indoor Environmental Quality室内环境质量室内环境质量满足满足 ASHRAE 62-1999 的要求的要求(PR) Control environmental tobacco smoke (PR) 控制室内吸烟控制室内吸烟 CO2 monitoring 二氧化碳监测二氧化碳监测 Ventilation effectiveness (ASHRAE 129) 有效通风有效通风 Const

30、ruction IAQ Management Plan建筑建筑室内空气质量室内空气质量管理规划管理规划 Low-emitting materials 低排放材料低排放材料 Indoor chemical and pollutant source control室内化学及污染源控制室内化学及污染源控制 Controllability of systems 系统的可控性系统的可控性 Thermal comfort 热舒适性热舒适性 Daylight & views 日光及视觉日光及视觉59Sources of Indoor Pollution室内污染源室内污染源60Indoor Air Q

31、uality室内环境质量室内环境质量61Ventilation Effectiveness有效通风有效通风62Biological Contamination生物污染生物污染6364Certification Benefits认证的益处认证的益处Independent Recognition of Quality Buildings and Environmental Stewardship 65 LEED Green Building Rating System LEED绿色建筑评估体系绿色建筑评估体系 Training Workshop 培训班培训班 Reference Guide and

32、 Reference Package 参考导则和参考文件参考导则和参考文件 Professional Accreditation 专业认定专业认定 Welcome Packet 欢迎信息欢迎信息 Credit Rulings Website () 66Non-Economic Benefits of Green Building绿色建筑的非经济性效益绿色建筑的非经济性效益Environmental Benefits 环境效益环境效益Reduce the impacts of natural resource consumption 降低自然资源消耗带来的

33、影响降低自然资源消耗带来的影响Health and Safety Benefits 健康与安全效益健康与安全效益Enhance occupant comfort and health 提高居住舒适性与健康性提高居住舒适性与健康性Community Benefits 社区效益社区效益Minimize strain on local infrastructuresquality of life 减轻对地方基础建设的压力，减轻对地方基础建设的压力，67Economic Benefits 经济效益经济效益Competitive first costs 有竞争的初投资有竞争的初投资Integrated

34、design allows high benefit at low cost by achieving synergies between disciplines and between technologies通过增强建筑各专业和技术的协调，整通过增强建筑各专业和技术的协调，整合的设计合的设计, 可以较低的投入取得较高收益可以较低的投入取得较高收益Reduce operating costs 降低运行费用降低运行费用In the U.S., green buildings cost $.50$.60 per square foot to operate compared with $1$2

35、for a standard building 美国的常规建筑运行费用为美国的常规建筑运行费用为尺尺$1$2，绿色建筑的运行费，绿色建筑的运行费$.50$.6068建筑成本比较建筑成本比较130211.811.531.37020406080100120140Annual*$/sq.ftSalaries工资工资Rent租金租金TotalEnergy总能耗总能耗Electricity耗电耗电O & M运行维护运行维护* 1991 Source: BOMA, EPRI, Statistical Abstract in RMI Greening the Building and the Bot

36、tom Line,69West Bend Mutual Insurance Company(West Bend, WI)西班德西班德互助保险公司互助保险公司10070116020406080100120Productivity inOld BuildingProductivityDuring MoveProductivity inNew Building70Joseph B. Whitehead Research Building - Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA325,000 gsf Laboratory 图书馆图书馆71Evidence That Green Does

37、Not Cost More绿色建筑不增加费用的证据绿色建筑不增加费用的证据100% CDsBudgetLEED Pointsfrom Emory UniversityEmory大学的经验大学的经验72Marion County Courthouse Square - Salem, OR153,293 gsf Courthouse 法院法院73Eugene Public Library - Eugene, OR127,531 gsf Library图书馆图书馆74Old National Bancorp Headquarters - Evansville, IN291,000 gsf Comme

38、rcial Office商用写字楼商用写字楼75Greenwood Elementary60,840 gsf Educational教学楼教学楼76Motherhouse 300,000 gsf Religious/Residential教会教会/住宅住宅77Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens - Pittsburgh, PA45,000 gsf Museum博物馆博物馆78Aspen Sundeck Restaurant23,015 gsf Restaurant餐厅餐厅79Greater Pittsburgh Community Food

39、Bank - Duquesne, PA95,000 gsf Warehouse/Distribution仓储仓储/分销分销8081828384For more informationplease 网站网站85Green Buildings in China中中国国的的绿绿色色建建筑筑86Agenda 21 Project 8 stories 8 8 层层 13,000 sq. meter/130,000 square foot government office building13,000平方米平方米/ /130,000平方英尺平方英尺 政府

40、办公楼政府办公楼 Will house ACCA21 and NSCTSD offices中国中国21世纪议程管理中心世纪议程管理中心和和中国科学技术促进中国科学技术促进发展研究中心发展研究中心将在此办公将在此办公 Second floor Technology Demonstration and Training Center二层将作为节能技术展示厅及培训中心二层将作为节能技术展示厅及培训中心 Chinese/American design collaboration中美合作设计中美合作设计87Design Case Comparison节能设计对比Energy Use-Revised Ba

41、se Case: 修改过的基准建筑能耗：修改过的基准建筑能耗：1126 MWh548 KW Cooling Capacity 空调容量空调容量Energy Use-Efficiency Case:节能建筑能耗：节能建筑能耗：556 MWh/yr (51% savings) 节能节能51%51%344 KW Cooling Capacity (37% savings)空调容量空调容量 （节能（节能37%37%）HeatEPeak HtLdCoolEFanELiteETotEClCapTotal EnergyBldg AreakWh/m2W/m2kWh/m2kWh/m2kWh/m2kWh/m2W/

42、m2kWh/m2m20.3117.5713.8212.5556.01121.3752.83148.8512363.10.3417.5812.9511.6456.01119.3949.24143.4712363.10.3617.5812.4611.0256.01118.1647.89142.7612363.10.3217.4511.8610.5856.01116.9040.51139.9312363.10.2816.2611.9210.7356.01117.0540.32138.8912363.10.4418.6011.169.8756.01115.4638.89142.1712363.10.3

43、817.7111.079.8156.01115.2537.04139.6912363.10.3517.2111.099.8156.01115.2536.21138.7712363.10.4318.3912.3611.0234.4196.6848.63123.5412363.10.4918.7111.399.9724.3084.4044.29113.2512363.10.5218.7311.079.6321.1780.5542.31110.2912363.10.5319.407.886.7523.6275.7725.58104.9812363.10.7420.3313.5513.3156.011

44、22.5655.66159.7612363.10.5318.7613.5612.6356.01121.4953.46152.0812363.10.4318.3513.6412.4756.01121.2653.00148.5512363.10.3818.0313.6912.4456.01121.2352.83146.7212363.1HtLd12%HeatE1%CoolE9%FanE8%LiteE27%EqpE43%FanE10%LiteE44%EqpE30%HeatE0%CoolE11%HtLd5%HeatE1%CoolE9%FanE8%LiteE27%EqpE43%HtLd12%5-side

45、d Base Case Total Energy Use 1501 MWh/year 基准建筑的基准建筑的5种总能耗：种总能耗：1501 MWh/年年5-sided Best Case Total Energy Use 939 MWh/year最佳建筑的最佳建筑的5种总能耗：种总能耗：939 MWh/年年89Energy Efficiency Performance能效性能能效性能020406080100BaseBuildingStandardEFBuildingThisBuildingAnnual EnergyAnnual EnergyConsumptionConsumptionBuilding Cost Increase: 8%建筑造价增加：建筑造价增加：8%Estimated return cycle: 8 years (current 901Standard Floor Layout标准层布局标准层布局91Final Efficiency Features最终节能特征最终节能特征 High Efficienc