普通化学术语中英文对照表

1、普通化学术语中英文对照表Chinese-EnglishDictionaryofCommonChemicalTerms撰写者史政一writtenbyZhengyiShi1 .专业名词(terms)原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ion&?i阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecularm?ekj?l?单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.

2、A)相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.M)化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加彳惠罗定律Avogadro'sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸储distillati

3、on萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueous酉己平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction

4、氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproportionation(symproportionation)reaction氧化齐ijoxidisingagent还原齐ijreducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一,第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)电子亲和能electro

5、naffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电子亚层sub-shell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hund'srule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chiralitykai2化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bon

6、dorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalentk?'ve?ntbond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpairdSbbond九键bond6键Wbond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond酉己位键dipolarbond/dativec

7、ovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisationdi:,l?uk?lai'zei?n延展性malleability可锻性ductility导电性electricalconductiv

8、ity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotope?a?s?t?p核素nuclide同量异位素isobar金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应salt

9、metathesisn?2?0因sreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitation官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物侪hydrocarbon饱和烧saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和unsaturatedhydrocarbon月旨肪Kaliphatichydrocarbon月旨环Kalicyclichrdrocarbon同系物homologoush?-series异构现象isomerism'ais?m?riz?m同分异构体isomerideai's?m?raid同素异形体allo

10、tropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophile'njukli?fail亲电子试剂electrophile力口成反应additionreaction力口水力口成hydrationreaction力口成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit

11、缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分储fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯Chchlorofluorocarbons产率per

12、centageyield原子利J用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic0:m?udai2始enthalpy(abbr.H)eri0lpi始变enthalpychange(abbr小)标准始standardenthalpychange(abbrAH?)标准反应始standardenthalpychange(abbrHr?

13、)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧始standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.Hc?)标准生成始standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbrAHf?)放热反应exothermiceks?u?reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical0:m?uQequation活化能activationenergy(abbe.E)比热容specificheatcapacity键始bondenthalpy平均键始averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hesslaw

14、有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme'enzaim波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi?-可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幕concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstat

15、e吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.AG)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius?，i:ni?sEquation自发反应spontaneouss?n?eini?sreaction嫡entropy(abbr.AS)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数

16、hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibrium溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cell盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E)干电池drycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge

17、放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation2 .常见元素(commonelements)氢hydrogen(abbr.H)'haidr?d?i氮helium(abbr.He)'hi:li?m锂lithium(abbr.Li)'

18、limp硼boron(abbr.B)'b?:r?n碳carbon(abbr.C)'ka:b?n氮nitrogen(abbr.N)'naitr?d?n氧oxygen(abbr.O)?ksid?i氟fluorine(abbr.F)'flu?ri:nMneon(abbr.Ne)'ni?n钠sodium(abbr.Na)'S?udi?m镁magnesium(abbr.Mg)车吕aluminum(abbr.Al),?l?mini?m硅silicon(abbr.Si)'silik?n磷phosphorus(abbr.P)'?sf?r?s硫su

19、lfur(abbr.S)'s?lf?氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)'kl?:ri:n氮argon(abbr.Ar)'a:g?n钾potassium(abbr.K)p?si?m钙calcium(abbr.Ca)?k?lsi?m钛titanium(abbr.Ti)tai'teini?m铭chromium(abbr.Cr)'kr?umj?m钮manganese(abbr.Mn)?m?g?niz铁iron(abbr.Fe)'a?i钻cobalt(abbr.Co)k?u'b?:lt锲nickel(abbr.Ni)'nik?l铜copp

20、er(abbr.Cu)'k?p?锌zinc(abbr.Zn)zi?k种arsenic(abbr.As)'a:s?nik澳bromine(abbr.Br)'br?umi:n银silver(abbr.Ag)'silv?锡tin(abbr.Sn)tin碘iodine(abbr.I)'ai?udi:n氤xenon(abbr.Xe)'zer?n钢barium(abbr.Ba)'be?ri?m鸨tungsten(abbr.W)t?st?n柏platinum(abbr.Pt)'pl?tin?m金gold(abbr.Au)g?uld汞mercur

21、y(abbr.Hg)'m?:kjuri铅lead(abbr.Pb)led3 .常见单质(commonelements)氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液澳、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamond'dai?m?nd石墨graphite'gr?fait臭氧ozone?uz?un红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus4 .常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydride'haidraid硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate碳化的carbide'ka:baid碳酸carbonic(acid)adj.carbon

22、ate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride'naitraid叠氮化的azide'?zaid不肖酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亚不肖酸nitrous(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide'?ksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-'三氧化的trioxide过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxidep?ksaid超氧化的superoxidesjup?'?ksaid氢氧根hydroxylhai'dr?ksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合

23、氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏车吕酸meta-aluminicmet?ljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminate四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminichai'dr?ksil-'(acid)硅酸silicic'silisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphu

24、ric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate8i?u-'焦硫酸根persulphatep?:-'氯化的chloride'kl?raid氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlor

25、ite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite澳化的bromide氢澳酸、高澳酸、澳酸、亚澳酸、次澳酸名称参见氯碘化的iodide'ai?daid氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide钱根ammonium?m?uni?m高钮酸根permanganate钮酸根manganate鼠根cyanide'sainaid硫鼠根thiocyanate伯i?u?sai?neit铭酸根chromate重铭酸根dichromate5 .常见无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydride氨am

26、monia/azane"?硅烷silane囹-磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠dis

27、odiumphosphate氯化钱ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide6 .系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-烧烧alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)甲meth-乙eth-丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non-癸dec-Hundec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七hep

28、tadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正构型normal-(n-)异构型iso-(i-)新构型neo-(n-)聚poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)环烷烂cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烂alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烂allene(suffix-adiene)环烯烂cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suf

29、fix-ene)烘烧alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)苇基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛al

30、dehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)竣酸carboxylicka:b?k'silik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)竣基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)84ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)月旨e

31、ster(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suffix-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-

32、,suffix-sulphonicacid)月青nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid7 .常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚肽phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)fin?lf'eili:n石蕊litmus澳酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙月旦紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemair'si:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯po

33、ly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴纶orlon二甲84methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软月旨酸/棕巾闾酸h

34、exadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬月旨酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬月旨酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半孚1糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose孚L糖lactose淀粉starch纤维素cellulose脂肪酸fattyacid甘油/丙三醇glycerol/glycerine/glycerin叔丁醇tert-butylalcohol(abbr.TBA)三硝基甲苯trinitrotoluene(abbr.TNT)trainaitr?'t?ljui:n蔡naphthalene碳酰胺/尿素urea/carbamide胡萝卜素carotene叶绿素chlorophyll阿司匹林/乙酰水杨酸aspirin/ac