高中化学方程式及离子方程式总结

1、高中化学方程式总结目录第一部分金属一碱金属钠 (1钾 (2锂 (3二常见金属镁 (3铝 (3铁 (3三其他金属锰 (4铜 (4钙 (5钡 (5铅 (5锌 (5铍 (5汞 (5第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一卤族元素氟 (5氯 (6溴 (6碘 (6二氮族元素氮 (6磷 (7砷 (8第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素一碳族元素碳 (8硅8 二氧族元素氧 (8硫 (9第四部分有机反应一烃甲烷 (10乙烯 (11乙炔 (11苯 (11甲苯 (12二烃的衍生物溴乙烷 (12乙醇 (12苯酚 (13乙醛 (13乙酸 (14乙酸乙酯 (15三糖类、油脂、蛋白质葡萄糖 (15蔗糖、麦芽糖 (15淀粉、纤维素 (15油脂

2、(16氨基酸 (16第五部分离子反应 (17第六部分电极反应方程式 (20第七部分热反应方程式 (22高中化学方程式总结,第1页,共23页第一部分金属一、碱金属Na4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+S=Na2S(爆炸2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+H22NaH2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融=4NaCl+Ti Na2ONa2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O+O22Na2O2Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na=2Na2O(此反

3、应用于制备Na2O2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2。H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀=Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O=NaOH+H2NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H26NaOH+3S 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22NaOH(过量+CO2=Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量=NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O(常温

4、下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃 2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量=NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量=Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaCl NaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O2NaOH+P2O5=2NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O5=2Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3NaCl、Na

5、ClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓NaHSO4+HClH2SO4(浓+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓=NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(O

6、H3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3+3CO2NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+CO2+H2O2NaHCO3Na2CO3+CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO32NaNO2+O2H2SO4(浓+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2+3H2ONaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONa3PO4、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4Na3PO4+HCl=Na2HPO4+NaClNa2HPO4+HCl=NaH2

7、PO4+NaClNaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaClNa2S、NaHS高中化学方程式总结,第2页,共23页高中化学方程式总结,第3页,共23页 Na 2S+Cl 2=2NaCl+S 3Na 2S+8HNO 3(稀=6NaNO 3+2NO+3S +4H 2O 3Na 2S+Al 2(SO 43+6H 2O =2Al(OH3+3H 2S Na 2SO 4、Na 2SO 3、Na 2S2O 33Na 2SO 3+2HNO 3(稀=3Na 2SO 4+2NO +H 2O 2Na 2SO 3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4Na 2S 2O 3+H 2SO 4=Na 2SO 4+S+SO 2+H 2O

8、 Na 2SO 3+SO 2+H 2O =2NaHSO 32NaHSO 3 Na 2SO 3+SO 2+H 2O Na 2SiO 3Na 2SiO 3+2HCl =H 2SiO 3+2NaCl C 6H 5ONaC 6H 5ONa+CO 2+H 2O =C 6H 5OH+NaHCO 3 2.钾 K K+O 2 KO 2 2K+2H 2O =2KOH+H 2K 2O 、K 2O 2K 2O+H 2O =2KOHK 2O+CO 2=K 2CO 32K 2O 2+2CO 2=K 2CO 3+O 22K 2O 2+2H 2O =4KOH+O 2KOH2KOH+CO 2=K 2CO 3+H 2OKOH+

9、CO 2=KHCO 3K 2CO 3K 2CO 3+2HCl =2KCl+CO 2+H 2O K 2CO 3+CaCl 2=CaCO 3+2KCK 2CO 3+2AgNO 3=Ag 2CO 3+2KNO 3 KHCO 3KHCO 3+HCl =KCl+CO 2+H 2O 2KHCO 3 K 2CO 3+CO 2+H 2OKClO 3 2KClO 3 2KCl+3O 2 KClO 3+6HCl =KCl+3Cl 2+3H 2O KI 2KI+Cl 2=2KCl+I 2 KI+AgNO 3=AgI +KNO 3 KAl(SO 42 2KAl(SO 42+6NaOH =K 2SO 4+3Na 2SO

10、 4+2Al(OH3 2KAl(SO 42+3Ba(OH2=K 2SO 4+3BaSO 4+2Al(OH3 KAl(SO 42+2Ba(OH2=KAlO 2+2BaSO 4 KSCN 3KSCN+FeCl 3=Fe(SCN3+3KClKHKH+H 2O =KOH+H 23.锂 Li Li+O 2 Li 2O 2Li+2H 2O =2LiOH+H 2 Li 2O Li 2O+CO 2=Li 2CO 3 Li 2O+H 2O =2LiOH LiOH 2LiOH+CO 2=Li 2CO 3+H 2O LiOH+CO 2=LiHCO 3 Li 2CO 3 Li 2CO 3+2HCl =2LiCl+CO

11、 2+H 2O LiHCO 3 LiHCO 3+HCl =LiCl+CO 2+H 2O 2LiHCO 3 Li 2CO 3+CO 2+H 2O 二、常见金属Mg2Mg+O 2 点燃 2MgO Mg+2H 2O =2Mg(OH2+H 2 Mg+Cl 2 点燃 MgCl 2 2Mg+CO 2 点燃 2MgO+C Mg+S =MgS Mg+Br 2=MgBr 2 Mg+2HCl =MgCl 2+H 2Mg+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 2 2Mg+TiCl 4(熔融=Ti+2MgCl 2 Mg+2RbCl(熔融=MgCl 2+2RbMgOMgO+2HCl =MgCl 2+H 2OMgO+H 2O

12、 =Mg(OH2Mg(OH2Mg(OH2+2HCl =MgCl 2+2H 2O高中化学方程式总结,第4页,共23页MgCO 3MgCO 3+2HCl =2MgCl 2+CO 2+H 2O MgCO 3+2H 2O Mg(OH2+CO 2 MgCO 3 CO 2+MgO Mg(HCO 32Mg(HCO 32+2HCl =MgCl 2+2CO 2+2H 2O 2Mg(HCO 32 Mg(OH2+CO 2+H 2O MgSO 4Al Al+3O 2点燃 2Al 2O 3 2Al+3S Al 2S 3 2Al+3Cl 2 2AlCl 3 4Al+3MnO 2 高温 2Al 2O 3+3Mn 2Al+C

13、r 2O 3 高温 Al 2O 3+2Cr 2Al+Fe 2O 3 高温 Al 2O 3+2Fe 2Al+3FeO Al 2O 3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl =2AlCl 3+3H 2 2Al+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 2 2Al+6H 2SO 4(浓 Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O Al+4HNO 3(稀=Al(NO 33+NO +2H 2O(Al 、Fe 在冷、浓的H 2SO 4、HNO 3中钝化 2Al+2NaOH+2H 2O =2NaAlO 2+3H 2 Al 2O 3、Al(OH3Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 2O(A

14、l 2O 3是两性氧化物 Al 2O 3+2NaOH =2NaAlO 2+H 2O2Al(OH3 Al 2O 3+3H 2OAl(OH3+3HCl =AlCl 3+3H 2O2Al(OH3+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+6H 2O Al(OH3+NaOH =NaAlO 2+2H 2O 铝盐AlCl 3+3NaOH =Al(OH3+3NaCl AlCl 3+3NH 3H 2O =Al(OH3+3NH 4Cl 2AlCl 3+3Na 2CO 3+3H 2O =2Al(OH3+3CO 2+6NaCl AlCl 3+3NaHCO 3=Al(OH3+3CO 2 AlCl 3+3NaAlO 2+

15、6H 2O =4Al(OH3 Al 2(SO 43+3Na 2S+6H 2O =2Al(OH3+3H 2S Al 4C 3+12H 2O =4Al(OH3+3CH 4 3.铁 Fe 2Fe+3Cl 2 点燃 2FeCl 3 3Fe+2O 2 点燃 Fe 3O 4 Fe+S FeS 2Fe+3Br 2=2FeBr 3 Fe+I 2 FeI 2 Fe+S FeS 3Fe+4H 2O(g 高温 Fe 3O 4+4H 2 Fe+2HCl =FeCl 2+H 2 Fe+CuCl 2=FeCl 2+Cu Fe+SnCl 4=FeCl 2+SnCl 2 Fe+H 2S =FeS+H 22Fe+6H 2SO

16、4(浓=Fe 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O Fe+H 2SO 4(稀=FeSO 4+H 2Fe+6HNO 3=Fe(NO 33+3NO 2+3H 2O Fe+4HNO 3=Fe(NO 33+NO +2H 2O 8Fe+30HNO 3=8Fe(NO 33+3N 2O +15H 2O 10Fe+36HNO 3=10Fe(NO 33+3N 2+18H 2O 8Fe+30HNO 3=8Fe(NO 33+3NH 4NO 3+9H 2O Fe+(CH 3COO2Cu =Cu+(CH 3COO2Fe FeO 3FeO+2Al Al 2O 3+3Fe 6FeO+O 2 2Fe 3O 4 FeO+4H

17、NO 3=Fe(NO 33+NO 2+2H 2O Fe 2O 3 Fe 2O 3+2Al 高温Al 2O 3+2Fe Fe 2O 3+3CO 2Fe+3CO 2 Fe 2O 3+3H 2=2Fe+3H 2O(制还原铁粉 Fe 2O 3+6HCl =2FeCl 3+3H 2O Fe 3O 4 Fe 3O 4+4H 2 3Fe+4H 2O Fe 3O 4+8HCl(浓 FeCl 2+2FeCl 3+4H 2O Fe(OH2、Fe(OH3 4Fe(OH2+O 2+2H 2O=4Fe(OH3 2Fe(OH3 Fe 2O 3+3H 2OFeCl 22FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg=Fe

18、+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4Cl2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl FeCl3+3NaHCO3=Fe(OH3+3CO22FeCl3+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HCl BaCl2+H2SO4=

19、BaSO4+2HClFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl=FeCl2+H2SFeS+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2S4FeS2+11O2=2Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O24Na2FeO4+10H2O=4Fe(OH3+3O2+8NaOH2Fe(OH3+3NaClO+4NaOH=2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2O Fe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO43+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(较难反应三、其他金属KMnO42KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KMnO4+

20、16HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2+8H2O MnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O2Cu+O22CuO2Cu+S Cu2 SCu+Cl2CuCl23CuO+2NH33Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl=CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu(OH2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O Cu(OH2+H2SO4=CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH2CuO+H2OCuCl2+H2S=CuS+2HClCuCl2+2NaOH=Cu(OH2+2NaCl CuSO4+H2S=CuS+

21、H2SO4CaCaO+H2O=Ca(OH2CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO32Ca(OH2+2Cl2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2OCa(OH2+SO3=CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO2(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2CaF2+H2SO4(浓=CaSO4+2HFCa3(PO42+3H2SO4(浓=3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO42+2H2SO4(浓=2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO42Ca3(PO42+4H3PO4=3Ca(H2PO42(重钙CaH2+2H2O=

22、Ca(OH2+2H2BaBa(OH2+CO2=BaCO3+H2OBa(OH2+2CO2(过量=Ba(HCO32Ba(OH2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O3Ba(OH2+2H3PO3=Ba3(PO42+6H2OBaCl2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSO4+2NaClBaCO3+2HCl=BaCl2+CO2+H2OBaCO3+2HNO3=Ba(NO32+CO2+H2OBaO2+H2SO4(稀=BaSO4+H2O2高中化学方程式总结,第5页,共23页Pb、PbO2Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H2PbO2+4HCl(浓PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO3

23、2+H2S=PbS+2HNO3ZnZn+S ZnSZn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2Zn+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2Zn+2FeCl3=2FeCl2+ZnCl2 ZnOZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2O ZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2O Zn(OH2Zn(OH2+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH34(OH2+4H2O Zn(OH2ZnO+H2OBeBe+2HCl=BaCl2+H2Be+2NaOH=Na2BO2+H2BeCl2+2NaOH=Be(OH2+2H2

24、OBe(OH2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH2+2NaOH=Na2BO2+2H2OHg3Hg+8HNO3(稀=3Hg(NO32+2NO2+4H2O Hg+4HNO3(浓=Hg(NO32+2NO2+2H2O第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素F2F2+H2=2HF2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2OCl2Cl2+H2=2HCl(光照或点燃 Cl2+2Na 2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl 2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3 Cl2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+

25、2KI=2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O=HCl+HClOCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓=5KCl+KClO3+3H2OHCl6HCl+2Al=2AlCl3+3H22HCl+Fe=FeCl2+H24HCl(浓+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g+O

26、22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2OHCl+NH3=NH4Cl(白烟2HCl+FeO=FeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O3=2FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓+Fe3O4FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OHCl+Na3PO4=Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4=NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4=H3PO4+NaCl高中化学方程式总结,第6页,共23页HCl+Na2CO3=NaHCO3+NaCl HCl+NaHCO3=NaCl+H2O+CO2 H

27、ClOHClO=HCl+O2Br2Br2+H22HBrBr2+Fe=FeBr3Br2+2FeBr2=2FeBr3Br2+NaI=NaBr+I2Br2+HI=HBr+I2Br2+H2O=HBr+HBrOBr2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2O Br2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBr Br2+H2S=S+2HBr 2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2HBrHBr+NaOH=NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2I2I2+H22HI I2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOH=NaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HIH2+I22HI+Cl2

28、=2HCl+I2HI+NaOH=NaI+H2O二、氮族元素N2N2+3H2催化剂高温高压 2NH3N2+O22NON2+3Mg点燃Mg3N2N2+6Na=2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO26NO+4NH3催化剂5N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO24NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2=SO3+NO3NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3Al

29、+4HNO3(稀=Al(NO33+NO+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO4HNO3(浓+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO32+H2O+CO26HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO33+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO33+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO33+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO33+NO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀=3S+2NO+

30、4H2O4HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2O(见光或受热分解NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3(白烟(用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、(SO23Na2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O5HNO3(浓+P=H3PO4+5NO2+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀=3SO2+4NO+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2ONH32NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3C

31、l2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧点燃2N2+6H2O高中化学方程式总结,第7页,共23页高中化学方程式总结,第8页,共23页4NH 3+5O 2催化剂4NO+6H 2O4NH 3+6NO催化剂5N 2+6HO(用氨清除NONH 3+HCl =NH 4Cl (白烟 NH 3+HNO 3=NH 4NO 3(白烟 2NH 3+H 2SO 4=(NH 42SO 4NH 3+NaCl+H 2O+CO 2=NaHCO 3+NH 4Cl (侯氏制碱法2NH 3+SO 2+H 2O =(NH 42SO 3 NH 3H 2O NH 3+H 2O NH 3+H 2O

32、NH 3H 2ONH 4+OH -NH 4HCO 3、(NH 42CO 3 NH 4HCO 3=NH 3+H 2O+CO 2 (NH 42CO 3=2NH 3+H 2O+CO 2 NH 4ClNH 4Cl =NH 3+HCl 2NH 4Cl+Ca(OH2 CaCl 2+NH 3+H 2ONH 4Cl+NaOHNaCl+NH 3+H 2ONH 4Cl+NaOH =NaCl+NH 3H 2O NH 4NO 3NH 4NO 3+NaOH=NaNO 3+NH 3H 2O NH 4NO 3+NaOH NaNO 3+NH 3+H 2O 5NH 4NO 32HNO 3+4N 2+9H 2O (NH 42SO

33、 3、(NH 42SO 4(NH 42SO 3+SO 2+H 2O =2NH 4HSO 3(NH 42SO 4+2NaOH=Na 2SO 4+2NH 3H 2O (NH 42SO 4+2NaOH Na 2SO 4+2NH 3+2H 2OP 2P+3Cl 2点燃2PCl 3 PCl 3+Cl 2 PCl 5P 4+6H 24PH 34P+5O 2点燃P 4O 10(常写成P 2O 5P 4+20HNO 3(浓=4H 3PO 4+20NO 2+4H 2O11P+15CuSO 4+24H 2O =5Cu 3P+6H 3PO 4+15H 2SO 4 PH 3+2O 2=H 3PO 4P 2O 3、P

34、2O 5P 2O 5+H 2O(冷=2HPO 3P 2O 5+3H 2O(热=2H 3PO 4(P 2O 5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(浓=2H 3PO 4+3SO 3 P 2O 5+2NaOH =2NaPO 3+H 2O P 2O 5+6NaOH =2Na 3PO 3+3H 2O H 3PO 44H 3PO 4+Ca 3(PO 42=3Ca(H 2PO 42(重钙 H 3PO 4(浓+NaBr =NaH 2PO 4+HBr H 3PO 4(浓+NaI =NaH 2PO 4+HIAsAs 2O 3+6Zn+12HCl =2AsH 3+6ZnCl 2+3H 2O3As

35、 2S 3+28HNO 3(稀+4H 2O =6H 3AsO 4+9H 2SO 4+28NO As 2S 3+28HNO 3(浓=2H 3AsO 4+3H 2SO 4+28NO 2+8H 2O第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素CC+2F 2=CF 4C+2Cl 2=CCl 42C+O 2(少量 点燃2CO C+O 2(足量 点燃CO 2 C+CO 2 2COC+H 2O高温CO+H 2(生成水煤气2C+SiO 2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅C+SiSiC(金刚砂C+2SCS 23C+CaO电炉CaC 2+CO 3C+SiO 2电炉SiC+2CO C+2H 2SO 4(浓 CO 2+2SO 2+2H 2O

36、C+4HNO 3(浓 CO 2+4NO 2+2H 2OCO 2CO+O 2点燃2CO 2 CO+CuOCu+CO 2 3CO+Fe 2O 32Fe+3CO 2高中化学方程式总结,第9页,共23页CO+H 2O 催化剂CO 2+H 2CO 2CO 2+2Mg点燃2MgO+CCO 2+H 2O =H 2CO 3CO 2+2NaOH(过量=Na 2CO 3+H 2O CO 2(过量+NaOH =NaHCO 3 CO 2+Ca(OH2(过量=CaCO 3+H 2O 2CO 2(过量+Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO 32CO 2+2NaAlO 2+3H 2O =2Al(OH3+Na 2CO 3 CO 2+C

37、 6H 5ONa+H 2O =C 6H 5OH+NaHCO 3 CO 2+Na 2O =Na 2CO 32CO 2+2Na 2O 2=2Na 2CO 3+O 2CO 2+NH 3+NaCl+H 2O =NaHCO 3+NH 4Cl (侯氏制碱法H 2CO 3H 2CO 3=CO 2+H 2OSiSi(粗+2Cl 2 SiCl 4SiCl 4+2H 2Si(纯+4HClSi(粉+O 2SiO 2Si+C SiC(金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H 2O =Na 2SiO 3+2H 2 SiO 2 2C+SiO 2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅 3C+SiO 2电炉SiC+2CO 2Mg+SiO 2点燃2MgO

38、+Si4HF+SiO 2=SiF 4+2H 2O SiO 2+2H 2Si+2H 2O SiO 2+2Mg2MgO+Si SiO 2+CaO高温CaSiO 3SiO 2+2NaOH =Na 2SiO 3+H 2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃SiO 2+Na 2CO 3 高温Na 2SiO 3+CO 2SiO 2+CaCO 3 高温CaSiO 3+CO 22NaOH+SiO 2=Na 2SiO 3+H 2OO 2 O 2+2H 2点燃2H 2OO 2+KKO 22O 2+3Fe 点燃Fe 3O 4 O 2+S 点燃SO 2 O 2+N 2 2NO 3O 22O 34P+5O 2点燃2P 2O 5C+

39、O 2(足量点燃CO 2Si+O 2SiO 24Na+O 2=2Na 2O 2Na 2O+O 22Na 2O 22Na+O 2=Na 2O 22Mg+O 2 点燃2MgO 4Al+3O 2 点燃2Al 2O 3 4NH 3+5O 2 催化剂4NO+6H 2O 2SO 2+O 22SO 3 2CO+O 2点燃2CO 26FeO+O 22Fe 3O 42H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 44Fe(OH2+O 2+2H 2O =4Fe(OH32Na 2SO 3+O 2=2Na 2SO 4 O 32O 3=3O 2O 3+2HI =I 2+O 2+H 2O H 2O2F 2+2H 2O =4HF+

40、O 2 Cl 2+H 2O =HCl+HClO2Na+2H 2O =2NaOH+H 2 Mg+2H 2O =Mg(OH2+H 23Fe+4H 2O(g 高温Fe 3O 4+4H 2 2H 2O 电解 2H 2+O 2 SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3 SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4 3NO 2+H 2O =2HNO 3+NO N 2O 5+H 2O =2HNO 3 P 2O 5+H 2O(冷=2HPO 3 P 2O 5+3H 2O(热=2H 3PO 4 CO 2+H 2O =H 2CO 3 H 2O 2高中化学方程式总结,第10页,共23页2H 2O 2=2H 2O+O 2 H 2O

41、 2+Cl 2=2HCl+O 25H 2O 2+2KMnO 4+6HCl =2MnCl 2+2KCl+5O 2+8H 2OS S+H 2H 2S 2S+C CS 2S+FeFeS S+2CuCu 2S 3S+2AlAl 2S 3S+Zn ZnSS+O 2 点燃SO 2S+6HNO 3(浓=H 2SO 4+6NO 2+2H 2O 3S+4HNO 3(稀=3SO 2+4NO +2H 2O 3S+6NaOH 2Na 2S+Na 2SO 3+3H 2O S+2Na =Na 2S(爆炸 S+Mg =MgSS+Fe FeSS+2H 2SO 4(浓=3SO 2+2H 2O SO 2SO 2+2H 2S =3

42、S+2H 2O 2SO 2+O 2 2SO 32SO 2+O 2+2H 2O =2H 2SO 4 SO 2+Cl 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HI SO 2+NO 2=SO 3+NO SO 2+2H 2S =3S+2H 2O SO 2+H 2O =H 2SO 3SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O =(NH 42SO 3 SO 2+(NH 42SO 3+H 2O =2NH 4HSO 3 SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO 3+H 2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO 2和CO 2.可

43、用品红鉴别 2NaOH+SO 2(少量=Na 2SO 3+H 2O NaOH+SO 2(足量=NaHSO 3 Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 3SO 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4 SO 3+MgO =MgSO 4 SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO 4+H 2OSO 3+Na 2O =Na 2SO 4 SO 3+2KI =K 2SO 3+I 2 H 2SH 2S+Cl 2=2HCl+S H 2S+Mg =MgS+H 22H 2S+3O 2(足量=2SO 2+2H 2O 2H 2S+O 2(少量=2S+2H 2O 2H 2S+SO 2=3S+2H 2OH 2S+

44、H 2SO 4(浓=S +SO 2+2H 2O H 2S H 2+S3H 2S+2HNO 3(稀=3S +2NO+4H 2O5H 2S+2KMnO 4+3H 2SO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+5S+8H 2O 3H 2S+K 2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4=Cr 2(SO 43+K 2SO 4+3S+7H 2O H 2S+4Na 2O 2+2H 2O =Na 2SO 4+6NaOH H 2S+Fe =FeS+H 2 H 2S+CuCl 2=CuS +2HCl H 2S+2AgNO 3=Ag 2S +2HNO 3 H 2S+HgCl 2=HgS +2HClH 2S+Pb(NO 32

45、=PbS +2HNO 3 H 2S+4NO 2=4NO+SO 3+H 2O H 2SO 3H 2SO 3+X 2+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2HX(X 表示Cl 2、Br 2、I 2 2H 2SO 3+O 2=2H 2SO 4 H 2SO 3+H 2O 2=H 2SO 4+H 2O5H 2SO 3+2KMnO 4=2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+2H 2SO 4+3H 2O H 2SO 3+2FeCl 3+H 2O =H 2SO 4+2FeCl 2+2HCl H 2SO 3=H 2O+SO 2 2H 2SO 3+2H 2S =3S +2H 2O H 2SO 4Zn+H 2SO 4=ZnSO

46、4+H 2 Fe+H 2SO 4=FeSO 4+H 2 Mg+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 22Al+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 22Al+6H 2SO 4(浓 Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2NH 3+H 2SO 4=(NH 42SO 4 2Al+6H 2SO 4(浓Al 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(浓=S +SO 2+2H 2O P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(浓=2H 3PO 4+3SO 3 BaO 2+H 2SO 4(稀=BaSO 4+H 2O 2 Na 2O 2+H 2SO 4(冷、稀=Na 2SO 4+H 2

47、O 2 MgO+H 2SO 4=MgSO 4+H 2O高中化学方程式总结,第11页,共23页 Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4=Al 2(SO 43+3H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓+CCO 2+2SO 2+2H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓+S =3SO 2+2H 2O6H 2SO 4(浓+2Fe =Fe 2(SO 43+3SO 2+6H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓+CuCuSO 4+SO 2+2H 2O H 2SO 4(浓+2HBr SO 2+Br 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(浓+2HISO 2+I 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(浓+CaF 2=CaSO 4+2HF H 2SO 4(浓+N

48、aClNaHSO 4+HCl H 2SO 4(浓+2NaCl Na 2SO 4+2HClH 2SO 4(浓+NaNO 3NaHSO 4+HNO 33H 2SO 4(浓+Ca 3(PO 42=3CaSO 4+2H 3PO 4 2H 2SO 4(浓+Ca 3(PO 42=2CaSO 4+C a (H 2PO 42第四部分 有机反应 甲烷的制取:CH 3COONa+NaOH Na 2CO 3+CH 4烷烃通式:C n H 2n -2(1氧化反应 甲烷的燃烧:CH 4+2O 2 CO 2+2H 2O 甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。 (2取代反应一氯甲烷:CH 4+Cl 2 CH 3Cl+HCl

49、二氯甲烷:CH 3Cl+Cl 2 CH 2Cl 2+HCl三氯甲烷:CH 2Cl 2+Cl 2 CHCl 3+HCl (CHCl 3又叫氯仿四氯化碳:CHCl 3+Cl 2 CCl 4+HCl(3分解反应 甲烷分解:CH 4 C+2H 2乙烯的制取:CH 3CH 2OH H 2C=CH 2+H 2O 烯烃通式:C n H 2n(1氧化反应 乙烯的燃烧:H 2C=CH 2+3O 2 2CO 2+2H 2O 乙烯可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。 (2加成反应与溴水加成:H 2C=CH 2+Br 2 CH 2Br CH 2Br与氢气加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2 CH 3CH 3与氯化氢

50、加成:H 2C=CH 2+HCl CH 3CH 2Cl与水加成:H 2C=CH 2+H 2O CH 3CH 2OH(3聚合反应 乙烯加聚,生成聚乙烯:n H 2C=CH 2 n乙炔的制取:CaC 2+2H 2O HC CH +Ca(OH2 炔烃的通式:C n H 2n-2 (1氧化反应乙炔的燃烧:HC CH +5O 2 4CO 2+2H 2O乙炔可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色,发生氧化反应。 (2加成反应与溴水加成:HC CH +Br2 HC=CHCaO点燃光光光 光高温浓硫酸170 高温催化剂 一定条件CH 2-CH 2图1 乙烯的制取点燃图2 乙炔的制取BrBrCHBr=CHBr+Br2CHB

51、r2CHBr2与氢气加成:HCCH+H2H2C=CH2与氯化氢加成:HCCH+HCl CH2=CHCl(3聚合反应氯乙烯加聚,得到聚氯乙烯:n CH2=CHCl n 乙炔加聚,得到聚乙炔:n HCCH n苯的同系物通式:C n H2n-6(1氧化反应苯的燃烧:2C6H6+15O212CO2+6H2O苯不能使溴水和酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。(2取代反应苯与溴反应 (溴苯硝化反应+HONO2 +H2O(硝基苯苯硝化反应生成硝基苯,它是一种带有苦杏仁味、无色油状液体,有毒。磺化反应+HOSO3H +H2O(苯磺酸(3加成反应(环己烷苯还可以和氯气在紫外光.照射下发生加成反应,生成C6H6Cl6(剧毒农药

52、。(1氧化反应甲苯的燃烧:C7H8+9O27CO2+4H2O甲苯不能使溴水褪色,但可以使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色。(2取代反应甲苯硝化反应生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,简称三硝基甲苯,又叫梯恩梯(TNT,是一种淡黄色晶体,不溶于水。它是一种烈性炸药,广泛用于国防、开矿等。催化剂一定条件CH2CHCl一定条件CH=CH点燃点燃+Br2 +HBrFe Br浓H2SO460NO27080SO3H+3H2催化剂CH3|+3HNO3浓硫酸O2NCH3|NO2|NO2+3H2OCH3|SO3HCH3|+3H2SO4HO3SSO3H +3H2O注意:制取乙烯、乙炔均用排水法收集;乙烯、乙炔的加成反应一般都需要催化

53、剂(溴除外。高中化学方程式总结,第12页,共23页高中化学方程式总结,第13页,共23页注意:甲苯在光照条件下发生侧链的取代,而在催化剂条件下发生苯环上的取代。 (3加成反应(甲基环己烷纯净的溴乙烷是无色液体,沸点38.4,密度比水大。 (1取代反应溴乙烷的水解:C 2H 5Br+H 2O C 2H 5OH+HBr(2消去反应溴乙烷与NaOH 溶液反应:CH 3CH 2Br+NaOH CH 2=CH 2+NaBr+H 2O 注意:检验卤代烃中的卤原子时,需取水解液滴入HNO 3酸化,再滴加AgNO 3 溶液。一是中和多余的NaOH ,二则检验沉淀是否溶于稀硝酸。(1与钠反应乙醇与钠反应:2CH 3CH 2OH+2Na 2CH