第一章 绪论与微生物的分类 2

1、Bo CHEN, School of Life Science and Engineering, SWUSTBo CHEN, School of Life Science and Engineering, SWUSTBo CHEN, School of Life Science and Engineering, SWUSTMicrobes around us Have you seen any microbe? Where are microbes? Do microbes do us any good? Do microbes do us any harm?Microbes around u

2、sMicrobes around usYoghurtBeerMicrobes around usMicrobes around usRed wineAgaricus bisporus (双孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Western world.Microbes around usShiitake (Lentinus edulus香菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Far East.Microbes around usMicrobes around usgene cl

3、oning限制性内切酶质粒载体宿主PCR (polymerase chain reaction)Microbes around usTaq DNA polymerasePfu DNA polymerase 1347年，欧洲爆发瘟疫-鼠疫，鼠疫杆菌，1/3欧洲人口（约2500万）死亡，此后80年，共导致75%欧洲人口死亡 2003年，全球爆发非典型性肺炎SARS，引发恐慌。据报道英国最近出现新型SARS病毒病例？ 艾滋病：AIDS，现在全球蔓延 乙肝：中国人1/10带毒（表抗阳性）？严重疾病Microbes around us 已被“消灭”的传染病卷土重来：肺结核（WHO：已成人类头号杀手，全球

4、近1/3人口已感染结核杆菌），霍乱（一种烈性肠道传染病，属甲类传染病，由霍乱弧菌污染水和食物引起传播，临床上以起病急骤、剧烈泻吐、排泄大量米泔水样肠内容物、脱水、少尿和无尿为特征，严重者可因休克、尿毒症或酸中毒而死亡，在医疗水平低下和治疗措施不力的情况下，病死率很高）Microbes around us严重疾病 出现以前从未有过的新疾病：疯牛病，大肠杆菌0157（肠出血），霍乱0139新菌型，埃博拉病毒（Ebola virus）病（一种急性出血性传染病，通过血液和排泄物传播，临床表现急性起病发热，肌痛出血皮疹和肝肾功能损害），军团病（嗜肺军团杆菌，急性呼吸道传染病，1976年美国费城召开退伍军

5、人大会时暴发流行而得名）等Microbes around us严重疾病Microbes around us微生物双刃剑巨大好处巨大害处利用控制学习掌握微生物学课程介绍1. 教学安排2. 教材与参考资料3. 考试4. 微生物学实验 Lectures (64 hours, 微生物学1 32学时+微生物学2 32学时) Laboratory exercises (32 hours , 微生物学1 16学时+微生物学2 16学时) 教学安排 (生物工程专业)章节内容学时1Introduction to microbiology and taxonomy of microorganisms82The m

6、ethods for studying microbiology23Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea84Eukaryotes: yeasts and moulds65Non-cellular microorganisms: viruses86Microbial nutrition, ecology and growth67Microbial control68Microbial metabolism89Microbial genetics610Microorganisms and genetic engineering6课时安排(生物64学时) Lecture

7、s (48 hours) Laboratory exercises (24 hours) 教学安排 (生物技术专业)章节内容学时1Introduction to microbiology and taxonomy of microorganisms82Methods for studying microorganisms13Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea94Eukaryotes: yeasts and moulds65Non-cellular microorganisms: viruses46Microbial nutrition, ecology and

8、growth47Microbial control48Microbial metabolism49Microbial genetics410Microorganisms and genetic engineering4课时安排(生技48学时) 教材与参考资料教材实验教材参考书 教材与参考资料Other references (不作要求)1.现代微生物学. 刘志恒. 科学出版社. 20022.Brocks Biology of Microorganisms. 8th ed. Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko and Jack Parker. Prentic

9、e Hall. 19973.Medical Microbiology. 22nd ed. Geo. F. Brooks, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse. Mc Graw-Hill, 人民卫生出版社. 2001网 站 丁香园论坛 (): 中国生物医学网站 中国生物技术信息网 () NCBI (): National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA. GenBank 考试 (生物工程)微生物学1总评成绩平时成绩30期末考试70平时成绩：随堂测验（或课外作业）1-4次，选1

10、-4次计分作平时成绩期末考试：闭卷考试，中文试卷，中文答题考试范围：以多媒体讲课范围为准 考试 (生物技术)微生物学A总评成绩平时成绩30期末考试70平时成绩：随堂测验（或课外作业）1-6次，选1-6次计分作平时成绩期末考试：闭卷考试，英文试卷，中文答题考试范围：以多媒体讲课范围为准微生物学实验 独立设课 微生物学实验A（生物技术专业） 微生物学实验1+微生物学实验2（生物工程专业）微生物学实验A 实验1 培养基的制备与灭菌 实验2 微生物的分离 实验3 微生物主要类群的形态观察与显微镜的使用 实验4 细菌的染色与油镜的使用 实验5 酵母菌的血球计数板计数 实验6 微生物的应用（红葡萄酒的制作

11、或酸奶的制作）微生物学实验1 实验1 培养基的制备与灭菌 实验2 微生物的分离 实验3 微生物主要类群的形态观察与显微镜的使用 实验4 细菌的染色与油镜的使用微生物学实验2 实验5 酵母菌的血球计数板计数 实验6 酵母菌的大小测定 实验7 水中细菌总数的测定 实验8 微生物的应用（红葡萄酒的制作或酸奶的制作）实验成绩构成微生物学实验A、微生物学实验1总评成绩实验过程评分40实验报告评分60实验过程评分：包括考勤、随堂测验等实验报告评分：其中包括对实验操作、实验步骤、实验现象和实验结果等具体实验内容的考查实验时间安排（生物技术专业） 微生物学实验A 24学时，6次（实验1实验6），45人，分2批

12、，23人/批 第1批：7-12周周三下午4-5讲 第2批：7-12周周四下午4-5讲实验时间安排（生物工程专业） 微生物学实验1 16学时，4次（实验1实验4），77人，分3批 ，26人/批 第1批：13-16周周二下午4-5讲 第2批：13-16周周三下午4-5讲 第3批：13-16周四下午4-5讲A Microbiology Course by Bo CHEN (e-mail: )Chapter 1 Introduction to Microbiology and Taxonomy of Microorganisms（第1章 绪论与微生物的分类）CONTENTS5 sections:1.

13、The Scope of Microbiology2. The Impact of Microorganisms3. The General Characteristics of Microorganisms4. The History of Microbiology5. Taxonomy of Microorganisms1 The Scope of Microbiology Microorganisms are living things that are too small to be seen without magnification (with naked eye), includ

14、ing: bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and algae. sometimes called microbes, germs Microorganisms are microscopic living things, while plants and animals are macroscopic living things.1.1 Definitions of Microorganism and Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms living thin

15、gs that are too small to be seen without magnification, involving study in numerous areas, including their structure, function, nutrition, growth, ecology, taxonomy, metabolism, genetics, immunology, etc.1.2 Major Groups of Microorganisms 微生物 不是分类学分类级别上的术语，而是一群微小生物的俗称、总称、笼统的集合名词。微生物分类术语 俗称 总称 集合名词 1

16、.2 Major Groups of Microorganisms6 Subgroups 类群 (亚群)： Bacteria (bacterium 细菌) Archaea (archaeon 古生菌) Fungi (fungus 真菌) Viruses (virus 病毒) Algae (alga 藻类, microscopic algae 微藻) Protozoa (protozoan 原生动物) (sometimes including helminths 寄生虫)学科: Applied microbiology1.3 Major Branches of MicrobiologyBy ca

17、tegoryBy functionBy relation with diseaseBacteriologyMicrobial physiologyImmunologyMycologyMicrobial geneticsVirologyMicrobial ecologyMedical microbiologyEdible fungiCellular microbiologyProtozoologyMolecular microbiologyEpidemiology(Public health microbiology)AlgaeMicrobial genomics(Microbial Taxon

18、omy)Applied microbiologyBy ecological environmentBy techniqueBy range of applicationSoil microbiology FermentationFood microbiologyEnvironmental microbiologyBiotechnologyIndustrial microbiologyMarine microbiologyGene engineering Agricultural microbiologyAquatic microbiologyAnalytical microbiologyMed

19、ical microbiologyCosmic microbiologyTechnical microbiologyPharmaceutical microbiologyTwo outstanding features of study of microbiology2 The Impact of Microorganisms2.1 Impact on human affairs 2.2 Impact on the earth2.1 Impact on human affairs Beneficial Human use of microorganisms Harmful Infectious

20、 diseases and human health Liquor Beer Wine Yellow wine (rice wine) Yoghurt Bread Vinegar SauceTradition:Beneficial Fermentation (microbial engineering) Gene engineering Transgenic animals and plants Genetically modified organisms Gene therapy Bioremediation BiominingModern :BeneficialMicrobes at wo

21、rkBeneficialWine makingWine makingWine makingCheers-for wine that is only 10 days old.Worldwide infectious disease statistics Infectious diseases are mainly caused by bacteria and virusesHarmful乙肝麻疹疟疾肺结核腹泻(霍乱、痢疾、伤寒)呼吸道感染(肺炎、流感)破伤风杂病寄生虫疾病 Energy flow Nutrient flow2.2 Impact on the earthEvolutionary t

22、imeline. The first bacteria appeared approximately 3.5 billion years ago. They were the only form of life for half of the earths history.爬行动物蟑螂white antsEnergy Flow1) Photosynthesis: Microbes were synthesizing long before the first plants appearedToday: photosynthetic microbes (including algae) account for more than 50% of the earths photosynthesisEnergy Flow2) Oxygen changing: They were responsible for changing the atmosphere of the earth from o