theU.S. economy

1、The Economy of AmericaThe economy of the United States is best defined as a mixed economy, in which the production of goods and services is divided between a privately-owned sector（私营） and a government-owned or public sector（国有）.Business organizationCommercial and Nonprofit FirmsSole proprietorship

2、独资独资The quickest and easiest way to form and begin a businessOwned by a single person, who is legally and financially responsible for the businessOften the first organization for a businessThe speed of expansion is limited by the owners ability to borrow money for equipment, building and training em

3、ployeeCommercial and Nonprofit FirmsPartnership 合伙合伙The firm is owned by two or more partnersHave more financial power than sole proprietorshipIf the partnership incur（蒙受，招致） losses, creditors(债权人，贷方) may pursue payment from each partners private wealth until the debts of the partnership are paid Co

4、mmercial and Nonprofit FirmsCorporation 公司公司Usually has many owners, and each owner has a small part of the firm in the form of “shares”Most of the largest firms choose this organization20% of American business are cooperation, but they produce 90% of the private sector outputEach dollar of cooperat

5、e profit（合作利润） is taxed twiceCan usually raise money more easilyThe shareholder（股东） are never responsible for liability（债务） or bankruptcy lossesCommercial and Nonprofit FirmsNew York Stock Exchange纽约证券交易所 ( New York Stock Exchange ,NYSE) ，是上市公司总市值第一（2009年数据），IPO（initial public offerings-新股首发）数量及市值第一

6、（2009年数据），交易量第二（2008年数据）的交易所。2005年4月末，NYSE收购全电子证券交易所（Archipelago），成为一个盈利性机构。纽约证券交易所的总部位于美国纽约州纽约市百老汇大街18号，在华尔街的拐角南侧。2006年6月1日，纽约证券交易所宣布与泛欧证券交易所合并组成纽约证交所泛欧证交所公司(NYSE Euronext)。Commercial and Nonprofit FirmsstockDefinition：money lent to a government or company, on which interest is paid股票股票是一种有价证券，是股份公

7、司在筹集资本时向出资人公开或私下发行的、用以证明出资人的股本身份和权利，并根据持有人所持有的股份数享有权益和承担义务的凭证 。具有不可偿还性 、参与性 、收益性 、流通性 、价格波动性和风险性 等特点。Commercial and Nonprofit FirmsBondDefinition: an official paper in which a government or an industrial firm promises to pay back with interest money that has been lentCommercial and Nonprofit Firms债券

8、债券是政府、金融机构、工商企业等直接向社会借债筹借资金时，向投资者发行，承诺按一定利率支付利息并按约定条件偿还本金的债权债务凭证。债券是一种有价证券，可以上市流通，在中国，比较典型的政府债券是国库券。具有偿还性 、流通性 、安全性 、收益性 的特点。Banking(银行业银行业)Always organized as corporationsMaking money by Charging borrowers higher rates of the interest than those they pay to the saversBanks are usually privately own

9、edThe government regulate bankingCommercial and Nonprofit FirmsIncome distributionhouseholdsOn average, Americans earn $4570 (2007) for every person living in the United States. 5.5 times the world average. Americans currently save about 1% of their income each year (Japanese 17%)Women earn about th

10、ree froths of female salaries37 million of Americas 299 million residents（2.99亿居民） live in poverty。24.5% of African-Americans live in poverty, compared to only 10.5% of white Americans, partly because of educational level and racial discriminationPoor people are most concentrated in Southern statesW

11、ithin each states, the poor tend to be most concentrated in rural areas（农村地区） and in city centers, and wealthier Americans are most concentrated in suburbs“When the United States coughs, the rest of the world catch cold.”less than 6% of the worlds duces about 25% of the total world out

12、put. The Structure ofAmerican Economy Primary Industryagriculture, fishing（渔业）, forestry（林业）, mining（采矿业）Secondary Industryenergymanufacturing construction Tertiary Industry insurance, tourism, banking, education, catering services etc. American Agriculture（P170）American agriculture has a comparativ

13、ely small share of the national economy (3%) and employment (3%), the industry remains one of the countrys most important. American Agriculture meets the nations principal domestic requirement for food and natural textile fibers（纺织品）, while supplying about 20% of the value of American exports. The U

14、nited States is the worlds leading exporter of agricultural products.The position of the United States in World agricultural trade is explained by the extraordinary productivity of U. S. farm labor. With perhaps half of 1% of the world agricultural labor force, the United States produces nearly 20%

15、of the grains, including 50% of the corn (maize), grown in the world. It ranks first, second, or third in the production of corn, wheat, soybeans, oranges, meats, milk, apples, oats, cotton, tobacco, peanuts（花生）, and edible vegetable oils（食用植物油）. Most farms are family owned, although large corporati

16、ons have made inroads into the farming industry since World War I. American ManufacturingManufacturing is the largest sector of the American economy, accounting for about one quarter of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and over one fifth of the U. S. work force.It is a highly diversified sector, produc

17、ing a wide variety of goods on a large scale. American ManufacturingThe United States ranks first, second, third, or fourth in the world in the production of crude steel（原钢）, cotton fabrics（纺织品）, radio sets（无线电接收机，收音机）, television sets, passenger cars（客车）, commercial vehicles（商用车）, synthetic rubber（

18、合成橡胶）, sulfuric acid（硫酸化学品）, fertilizer（肥料）, and aluminum（铝）.The U. S. manufacturing sector is the largest in the world, almost three times the size of the manufacturing sector of Japan, the second largest producer in the world.（P171） v Service IndustryTremendous growth in employment in the service

19、sector since the 1970s。（P172）three categories: services for the affluentcommercial banking, life insurance, real estate and law serviceswelfare serviceshealth care, education, government and social servicesservices provided by the poorservices to buildings and dwellings, retail servicesHigh-tech IndustryHigh-tech industries ranking first in the world； More emphasis