专业英语对照翻译

1、A Brief History of Abrasive Technology磨料技术的简要历史It is difficult to say when abrasive technology had a beginning. Abrasive were used by man many thousands of years before he learned to write. Primitive man used abrasives for the sharpening of tools of wood, bone or flint. Later in the period preceding

2、 the invention of pottery abrasives were used for grinding out stones to make bowls and dishes. 这是很难说，当磨料技术有一个开始。在他学会写字之前，磨粒被人用了几千年。原始人用磨料磨具木，骨或燧石。在这一时期，陶器的发明之前，被用来研磨石头，使碗和盘子。Abrasives were, and still are, used by other forms of life, by birds for the sharpening of beaks, and by some species of antl

3、ered animals for the sharpening of their horns. 磨料磨具，还是，其他形式的生命，鸟类喙的锐化，用鹿角有一些动物的角的锐化。The beginning of the science of abrasives, however, may be taken as that time when man began to select certain rocks for their peculiar properties, and to fashion these into tools for grinding. The earliest record o

4、f such activity comes to us from Egypt. Evidence collected there indicates that stones were being sawed by some crude sort of grinding machine as early as 4000 B.C. 然而，科学开始的磨料，可能会采取的时候，人开始选择某些岩石，其独特的性能，并将这些工具用于磨削。电针rliest记录这样的活动来自于埃及。收集到的证据表明，有石头被锯的研磨机的一些简陋早在公元前4000年The real blossoming of the abrasi

5、ve industry coincided with the beginnings of metallurgy which took place in the near and middle east about 2000 B.C. Abrasives then became a necessity of life and their development has kept pace with the demands of metallurgy from that time until the present day. 真正的朵朵的磨料行业冶金发生在近东和中东地区公元前2000年左右，磨料就

6、生活和他们开始一致的必要性随着冶金的需求，从那时到现在的发展。The earliest record of the use of abrasives for the grinding of metal also comes to us from Egypt. A steel dagger was found there along with a sharpening stone, which has been dated at about 1500 B.C. 对金属的研磨用磨料的最早的记录也来自埃及的我们。一把匕首，在那里发现了一块石头，大约在公元前1500年的时间里被发现了During th

7、e following centuries the technique was developed for fashioning grinding wheels from natural sandstones. These were turned by hand at first, but by the 14th century water wheels were being used. These early sand stones were not unlike those still in use. 在接下来的几个世纪的技术被开发为天然砂岩形成的磨轮。这些都是由第一手，但由第十四个世纪的

8、车轮正在美国SED。这些早期的沙子是没有像那些仍然在使用。From these early beginnings the modern abrasive industry gradually evolved. The dates of the giant steps toward the present state of the art are often quite obscure, as are the names of the individuals responsible for them. In what follows, in order to put this industry

9、in perspective, it is attempted to list the major advances in chronological order, and to give credit, wherever possible, to the innovators. In doing this three separate categories have been treated individually. These are: the abrasives, the bonded abrasive products, and the machines using abrasive

10、 products. The latter category is included because it is this, more than anything else, that has propelled the growth of the industry, gradually replacing by grinding, other fabrication methods. 从这些早期开始，现代磨料工业逐渐演化。到目前的艺术状态的巨大的步骤的日期往往是相当模糊的，因为是个人的名字对他们负责。在下面，为了使这个行业的角度来看，它试图列出的主要进步，按时间顺序，并给予信贷，尽可能，到创

11、新者。在这三个单独的类别中，已单独处理。这些都是：研磨剂，研磨产品，和使用研磨产品的机器。后者的范畴因为这是因为它比其他任何东西都更重要，它推动了工业的发展，逐步取代了研磨，其他的制造方法。Beginning with the category of abrasives, quartz as sand or flint, was apparently the only abrasive known and used in prehistoric times. After the beginnings of history, but still many centuries B.C., thre

12、e natural minerals were known and were being used, which were superior to quartz sand and flint in abrasive quality. These were corundum, garnet, and diamond. The corundum, either as such or as emery, was described by THEODORUS in 500 B.C., later by PLINY, but was presumably known much earlier becau

13、se of plentiful deposits throughout the Greek archipelago and Anatolia. Garnet, because of its natural association with emery and corundum, was probably also known at that time, although its use as a pure material is not recorded until many centuries later. 从磨料类，石英砂或火石，显然是唯一已知的和使用的磨料在史前时代。在历史的开始，但仍在

14、许多世纪前，三天然矿物是已知的和被使用，均优于石英砂磨料质量的燧石。这些是刚玉、石榴石和钻石。刚玉，或如电子或许，是在公元前500年到现在了，后来由普林尼，但大概是已知的更早，因为丰富的矿藏遍布希腊群岛和安纳托利亚。石榴石，因为它用金刚砂、刚玉自然协会，也可能是当时已知的，虽然它的使用作为一个纯粹的材料没有被记录到许多世纪之后。Diamond was known, in India, at least by 800 B.C., and was in use there at that time as a polishing powder. 在印度，钻石是已知的，至少在公元前800年，当时是在那

15、里用的抛光粉。 The natural abrasives mentioned above served all purposes for two thousand years or more, until the discovery of the synthetic products. The first of these to reach commercial importance was silicon carbide, first produced by Dr. ACHESON in 1901 and made today by essentially the same process

16、. 上面提到的天然磨料，所有用途二千年以上，直到发现合成产品。第一个达到商业重要性的是硅化碳，首先由艾奇逊博士在1901和基本相同的工艺制成的今天。Shortly after, in the same year, abrasive grade aluminum oxide was being produced by C.B.JACOBS from bauxite by fusion in an electric furnace. The process had been discovered by him about four years earlier. The production of

17、fused aluminum oxide abrasives became a commercial success in 1904 with the invention of the Higgins furnace which with some modifications is still in use. 不久后，在同一年，磨料级氧化铝被c.b.jacobs从铝土矿在电炉中融合而产生的。这个过程已经被他发现了大约四年了初。熔铝氧化物磨料的生产在1904与发明的希金斯炉，与一些修改仍然在使用的商业上取得成功。After the commercialization of silicon car

18、bide and aluminum oxide, these two abrasives, alone with the natural abrasives emery, garnet, corundum, and diamond, satisfied the market for the next thirty years. During this time research on abrasive materials was increasing in an effort to understand their behavior and to synthesize new products

19、 of commercial value. 在商业化的碳化硅和氧化铝，这两种磨料，单独与天然磨料金刚砂，石榴子石，刚玉，钻石，满足未来三十市场岁月。在这一时期，对研磨材料的研究正在努力了解他们的行为，并合成新产品的商业价值。In 1934 boron carbide was first produced commercially by R.R.RIDGEWAY of the Norton Company. The first synthesis of boron carbide had been accomplished many years earlier by MOISSN. This m

20、aterial, although the hardest synthetic material yet produced, proved to be a failure as an abrasive. It did, however, become commercially important by virtue of its wear-resistant properties.1934碳化硼是第一个商业化的诺顿公司r.r.ridgeway产生。碳化硼首次合成了许多年前由Moissan。这种材料，铝虽然是最坚硬的合成材料，但却被证明是一种失败的磨料。然而，它的耐磨性能，成为商业上重要的。Sh

21、ortly after, in 1938, a process was invented for the electric furnace production of pure, single crystal, alumina in a decomposable matrix. The process was commercialized and resulted in the most successful abrasive for precision grinding that had been produced up to that time. 不久后，在1938，一个过程是纯粹的，单晶

22、体的电炉生产发明的，可分解的矩阵在氧化铝。这个过程是商业化的，并导致在最苏成功的研磨精密磨削，已经产生了时间。The remaining advances of the non-diamond abrasives up to the present were the use of sintered aluminum abrasives, made directly from bauxite without fusion, and the use of fused mixtures of aluminum and zirconium oxides. Both of these were star

23、ted in the 1950s and since have grown rapidly in commercial importance. 本使用的非金刚石磨料的剩余的进展是使用烧结铝磨料，直接从铝土矿没有融合，和铝的熔融混合物的使用和氧化锆。这两种都是从1950年代开始的，因为在商业上很重要。The large scale industrial use of diamond began in the 1930s with the production of the first bonded wheels. The use of diamond for grinding increased

24、 rapidly thereafter, propelled by the need for an abrasive to grind tungsten carbide which was coming into importance at that time. In 1960 synthetic diamond was produced by the General Electric Company and was soon after available in commercial quantities. 大型工业用途的钻石开始于1930年代与生产的第一个保税车轮。使用金刚石研磨后迅速增加

25、，推动了需要的研磨碳化钨硬质合金，这是在当时的重要性。1960合成金刚石是由通用电器公司生产的，不久之后在商业作为可用实体。The known history of bonded abrasive products, as being distinct from that of the abrasives themselves, goes back to Egypt in 1500 B.C. when there was evidence of the use of natural sandstones. For the next 3000 years, however, there seem

26、s to be little evidence that anything but natural sandstone was used in the way of a bonded abrasive product. Its shape and method of use varied but that is all. 已知的保税磨料产品的历史，因为与磨料本身不同，在公元前1500年的时候，有证据表明使用天然砂岩。为了这然而，在未来3000年中，似乎有一点证据表明，任何东西，但天然砂岩是用在一个保税磨料的方式。它的形状和使用方法不同，但这是所有。In 1456 A.D. there is a

27、 record that a one VERQUEM in Belgium bonded diamond for use in gem cutting. In 1760 a paper coated with abrasive was being produced in Paris. However, the first real record of a solid bonded abrasive product made by man comes to us from India. Here, at least by 1825, sand, emery, and diamond were b

28、eing bonded by lac, or shellac, for use in abrasive sticks and wheels. This process came to the West in 1880 with the founding of the Waltham Emery Wheel Company. 公元1456年，有一个记录，结合使用的宝石切割钻石一一verquem比利时。在1760一纸涂有磨料在巴黎生产。然而，第一个真正的记录一种由印度人到美国制造的固体结合剂磨具。在这里，至少1825，砂，金刚砂，钻石被粘合或虫胶，紫胶，用棍棒和砂轮磨料。这个磷过程来西1880的沃

29、尔瑟姆砂轮公司成立。In 1857 rubber-bonded wheels were introduced by DEPLANCK. Rubber and shellac remained the only organic bonding media until 1923 when synthetic resins, notably phenol-formaldehyde resins, came into use and became by far the most important bonds in the organic field. Since that time others h

30、ave been added, but none yet threatens the position of this resin. 1857橡胶结合剂砂轮进行了迪普朗克。橡胶和虫胶仍是唯一有机结合媒体直到1923时合成树脂，特别是酚醛树脂，开始使用而成为目前最重要的有机领域债券。自那时起，其他人被添加，但没有人还威胁到该树脂的位置。In the bonding of abrasives by inorganic binders repeated attempts had been made through the ages to duplicate the properties of nat

31、ural sandstones, but it was not until 1868 that a successful product bonded with sodium silicate was introduced. This was followed, in 1872 by a product made by GILBERT HART using hydraulic cement. 在磨料的结合中，用无机粘合剂反复尝试已经取得了通过的年龄，以重复的性质的天然砂岩，但它是不到1868，一个成功的产品结合硅酸钠进行了介绍。其次，在1872由吉尔伯特HART采用液压水泥制成的产品。The

32、first vitrified products were made by WILLIAM RANSOME of Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1872 and were commercialized by Norton Company of Worcester, Massachutts, in the 1870s. 第一陶瓷产品是由威廉兰塞姆伊普斯威奇，马萨诸塞州，1872是由马萨诸塞州伍斯特，诺顿公司商业化，在1870年代。Diamond was first bonded with resin and used in wheels by NEVEN in Belgi

33、um in 1830. About 1940 diamond wheels with vitrified bonds and with metal bonds were introduced. These three bond types are the ones in use for diamond at the present time. 钻石是第一粘接树脂，用于轮不在比利时1830。1940用陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮和金属键的介绍。这三个键类型是目前使用钻石的人。The history of abrasives is, of necessity, intimately associated

34、with the history of the development of the machines which use them. It was only through the development of the machines that the demand for abrasives increased. The demand was not only for increasing amounts of abrasives but also for abrasives modified to suit particular needs. 磨料的历史，是必要的，密切相关的机器，使用

35、它们的发展的历史。只有通过需求的机器的发展为磨料增加。需求不仅是增加了大量的磨料，而且对磨料的修改，以适应特定的需要。As the machines developed, abrasives assumed a leading role in operations previously performed by metal saws, cutters, and single point tools. Thus abrasive cut off wheels were substituted for hack saws, snagging machines for chippers, cylin

36、drical grinders for lathes, and so on. 随着机器的发展，磨料磨具在金属锯、刀具和单点工具的操作中起到了主导作用。因此磨料切割砂轮被替换为黑客萨WS，抽丝机，削片机，车床外圆磨床，等等。The important chronology of this revolution probably began in the 1860s when the first grinding machine worthy of the came into being. At that time the Brown & Sharp Co. of Providence,

37、Rhode Island, made a cylindrical grinder for their own use. Shortly thereafter, this type of machine was available commercially. The precision surface grinder soon followed. Shortly after the turn of the century the principle of the centerless grinder was evolved but was not used to any great extent

38、 until the late 1920s. 这场革命的重要年代可能开始于1860年代，当时的第一台机器配得上的。在那个时候，美国的棕色和尖锐的公司，罗得岛，为自己的使用做了一个外圆磨床。此后不久，这种类型的机器是可用的商业。精密平面磨床很快就遵循。世纪之交后不久对无心磨床的原理演变而不使用任何伟大的程度直到1920年代末。With the invention of the resin-bonded wheels in 1923 the use of abrasives increased rapidly. Cutting off operations using abrasives beca

39、me commercial, replacing saws and shears. The resinoid wheels stimulated the development of machines for use in the foundry and the steel mill. Swing frame grinders and portable grinders came into general use. 本发明的树脂结合剂砂轮在1923的使用中迅速增加。使用磨料的切削加工成了商业，代替了锯和剪刀。该树脂砂轮的timulated机器的开发中使用的铸造厂和钢铁厂。秋千架磨床研磨进入普遍

40、使用。The machine types which have already been intentioned remain the basic types in use today. Since their introduction they have, during the past forty or more years, undergone evolutionary improvement in the direction of specialization, automation, higher speeds, higher pressures, and greater accur

41、acy. 目前已被使用的机器类型仍然是使用的基本类型。由于他们的介绍，在过去的四十年里，经历了进化的进步，我在专业化、自动化、高速度、高压力、高精度的方向上。At present it appears that further improvement in abrasives and the methods by which they are used will lead to still further adoption of grinding as being the most economical production method. Concurrently, however, new

42、er methods are being introduced which, in some cases, are replacing grinding and in others are making grinding unnecessary. The most important of these are: electro-chemical machining, spark machining, precision casting and the continuous casting of steel. 目前看来，在磨料的进一步改进和他们所使用的方法，将导致仍然进一步采用研磨作为最经济的生

43、产方法。结论仿真器，然而，新的方法被引入其中，在某些情况下，更换研磨和磨削不必要别人。最重要的是：电化学加工宁，火花加工，精密铸造和钢的连续铸造。The last aspect of the history of abrasives and their use is that of grinding chemistry. Certainly some aspects of this have been known and used for centuries, such as the use of camphor and turpentine in the grinding of glass.

44、 Nevertheless it was not until the 1940s that this chemistry began to be understood and became an important subject of study. It led almost immediately to the incorporation of active fillers in grinding wheels. This innovation has been responsible for much of the growth of the use of abrasives in ro

45、ugh grinding operations. 磨料磨具及其使用历史的最后一个方面是研磨化学。当然，这一些方面已用于世纪称，如樟脑和塔尔油的使用在玻璃磨。然而直到1940年代，这个化学才开始被理解并成为一个重要的研究课题。它几乎立即导致公司成立砂轮的活性填料。这一创新在粗糙的研磨操作中使用了大量的磨料，这一创新是负责的。Since 1940 abrasive resehas greatly intensified and should lead to many future advances. 由于1940个磨料的研究已大大加强，并应导致许多未来的进步。The brief summary w

46、hich has been presented of the history of the abrasive industry has been included only to give an overall picture. More detailed historical information will be included in the text under the specific topics. 已经提出的历史的磨料行业的简要总结，只给出一个整体的画面。更详细的历史信息将被包含在文本根据特定主题。8. Making the Wheel BECAUSE the accuracy

47、called for in mass production and interchangeability of parts requires that once a user has found the grinding wheel best suited to his particular job he be able to get a wheel of the same properties on re-order, wheel makers must have the closest possible control over their raw materials and proces

48、ses. 由于精度要求在大批量生产中，零件的互换性要求，一旦用户发现砂轮最适合他的特殊工作，他可以得到一个轮同样的性能，重新排序，车轮制造商必须有可能对他们的原材料和工艺的最接近的可能的控制。The cutting action of a wheel depends upon (1) the kind of abrasive, (2) the size of the abrasive grains, (3) the bond which holds the abrasive grains together, and (4) the spacing of the grains in the bo

49、nd, that is, the structure. 砂轮的切割作用取决于（1）磨料的种类，（2）磨粒的大小，（3）将磨粒的键合在一起，（4）颗粒的间距电子债券，即结构。8.1 Abrasive 8.1磨料For uniform and dependable cutting action the abrasive grains must be free from impurities, of controlled size, and uniformly distributed through the wheel. 对于均匀和可靠的切削作用，磨料颗粒必须是无杂质，控制尺寸，并均匀地分布在车轮上

50、。8.2 Bond 结合剂The grains are held together by one of six kinds of bond; vitrified or ceramic, which is used in more than half the wheels made, silicate (of soda), resinoid (synthetic resin), shellac, rubber, and oxychloride (of magnesium). Each grain of abrasive is supported in the wheel by a “post”

51、of bond and joined to other grains by a network on it. The strength with which the bond holds the grains is known as the grade or hardness of the wheel and can be varied through wide limits. Note that the hardness of a wheel does not relate the hardness of either the abrasive or the bond but only to

52、 the resistance the bond offers against letting the abrasive be torn out of the wheel. Generally speaking, the bond itself has little or no cutting action. 颗粒是由六种粘合；陶瓷或陶瓷，用于在超过一半的轮子，硅酸盐（苏打），树脂（合成树脂），虫胶，橡胶，和牛ychloride（镁）。每一粒磨粒都是在车轮上被一个“后”的键支撑，并通过网络连接到其他颗粒上。债券持有谷物的强度是已知的由于车轮的等级或硬度，可以通过广泛的限制变化。注意，一个轮子的

53、硬度不涉及任何研磨或结合剂硬度但只为性行政长官的债券提供打击让磨料被撕裂的车轮。一般而言，债券本身有小或无切削作用。8.3 Structure 结构Structure is the relationship of abrasive grain to bonding material and the relationship of these two elements to the spaces or voids that separate them. The precise relationship of these three elements can be controlled, so t

54、hat grinding wheels can be made dense or open, or in varying degrees of density or openness to suit grinding conditions. Wheels for surface grinding, for example, are made with an open structure or wide grain spacing to provide adequate chip clearance, while wheels for crankshaft grinding are genera

55、lly made with a closer grain spacing (denser structure) to provide maximum corner strength for the fillets which, generated by a plunge cut, must be of precalculated radius to bear properly on their bushings. 结构是磨粒与粘结材料的关系，将两者的关系分为空间或空隙的关系。这三元的确切关系可以控制，使砂轮可以进行密集或开放，或在不同程度的密度或开放，以适应磨削条件。例如，表面研磨的车轮，是由

56、一个开放的结构或宽的晶粒间距，以提供足够的切屑间隙，而对曲轴磨削的车轮一般是由一个更紧密的晶粒间距（密集结构），以提供最大限度角强度的鱼片，用切入的产生，必须预先计算的半径对套管承受正常。8.4 Preparing the Abrasive 准备磨料In typical wheel manufacture the lumps of abrasive as they come from the electric furnace are reduced to manageable size in jaw crushers, then further reduced through steel ro

57、llers to sizes suitable for grinding wheels and other uses as abrasive. They are washed free of dust, magnetically separated from iron-bearing impurities, and screened to a series of standard sizes. 在典型的轮制造块状磨料为他们来自电炉在颚式破碎机降低到可管理的大小，然后通过进一步降低钢辊的尺寸适合或砂轮及其它用途为磨料。它们被清洗的灰尘，从含铁杂质的磁性分离，并筛选到一系列的标准尺寸。Unifor

58、mity of grain size is of prime importance and the human element is eliminated so far as possible in screening. Machines have been developed for the purpose whose bronze and silk screen clothes are made to very close tolerances and constantly checked. Grain standards listed by the Department of Comme

59、rce, are coarse to fine: 晶粒尺寸的均匀性是最重要的，并且在筛选过程中尽可能消除了人为因素。机器已经发展为目的，其青铜和丝绸的屏幕上的衣服重新作出非常接近的公差和不断检查。由商务部列出的粮食标准，都是粗到细：ALUMINUM OXIDE ABRASIVE 氧化铝磨料Screened sizes: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 240 筛选大小：4、6、8、12、14、16、24、30、46、54、70、80、90、100、120、150、180、220、240、20、10、60、36、Unclassified flour: F, 2F, 3F, 4F, XF. 全麦粉：F，2F，3F，4F，XF。Classified flour: 280, 320, 4