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1、恩波暑期强化班阅读强化课笔记考研英语实质: 考查形式: 英语知识运用 阅读C 阅读B 阅读A 写作A和B 考查内容: 词汇 句法 语篇 语言综合理解 语言综合运用 比例: 10% 10% 10% 40% 30%从往年题看,英语知识运用部分几乎都是考词汇,而句、篇章也得在词汇的基础上理解,因此从以上可以看出考研英语中考到词汇其实占到70%左右,而运用只占到30%。英语复习方案:上半年:词汇,阅读,写作各分项坚持每天准备下半年:模拟题,真题操练阅读分四部分把握:研究 1、阅读文章 2、宏观提问 3、词句提问 4、局部提问做题时间把握60-70分钟左右做完阅读A注意:全面理解,准确理解文章(考研阅读
2、文章信息量比较大,所以需要准确理解)寻找规则,掌握规则,一切尽在把控中一、基本语篇模式(topic-discussion-conclusion) Topic从第一段中找,经常能从第一段中体会到作者的态度特点:1、任何一篇文章都只要一个核心,所以段落都是服务于这个核心。 任何一个段落也只有一个核心,所有的词句都围绕它展开。 2、主题阅读法: 先看文章(二看二不看:看第一段,看下面每段的首一二句,不看例子,不看看不懂的),再做题目(针对性阅读,即回到原文找答案) 3、第一句重要既是文章的主脉,又是第一题的考点例 1 A new speedy de
3、vice that measures a plant's metabolic rate may improve on today's timeconsuming methods for developing hardier crops. The machine, a novel form of calorimeter, can p
4、rovide information in an hour for predicting a tree's growth rate over the next 40 years. In addition, the calorimeter can indicate a young plant's abilit
5、y to withstand acid rain, and other hardships. Currently, plant breeders seeking strong crops must watch and wait during the early stages of plant growth, selecting the&
6、#160;fastestgrowing plants and those holding up best to frost or heat. This task is eased by the calorimeter, which measures heat produced during metabolic activity. Calorime
7、ters built over the past few years can precisely measure the heat of tiny samples of cells and tissues under varying environmental conditions. Criddle and his c
8、olleagues hold that metabolic rate determines a plant's growth ratea debatable point among plant biologists, who have traditionally correlated photosynthetic rate with growth.
9、160; To test the value of calorimetry for predicting growth, Criddle's group recorded the metabolism of pieces of carrots, tomatoes and other plants, as well as samples
10、 from several types of trees. They then compared those readings with the untouched plants' known growth rates. The calorimetric recordings for the samples, they say, correlate
11、d with the growth rates of the untouched plants. As for hardiness, the researchers say plants whose metabolic rates remain stable when subjected to stresses in the lab
12、60;will similarly tolerate those conditions in the fields. So far, they have identified several varieties of barley (大麦) that thrive in highly salty environments, a common
13、0;product of irrigation. Before farmers and foresters base agricultural decisions on calorimetry readings, they will need to see further tests of the new device. 'The technique
14、;has potential for being a very valuable tool,' says Donald Fowler of the Canadian Forestry Service in Fredericton, New Brunswick, who supplied samples of trees for t
15、he studies, 'but I find it surprising that a single measure would provide enough information for strain selection.' 二、特殊语篇模式 1、Opinion-Illustration 先引出自己的观点,再对此进行阐述。Science has long had
16、0; an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church of poet William Bla
17、ke's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything,deepened in this century. Until recently
18、,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked "
19、;antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University and
20、The DemonHaunted World,by Car Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and
21、Reason,"held in New York City in1995,and "Science in the Age of Information,"which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different
22、people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who&
23、#160;believe in ghosts,creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been atta
24、ched to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased fund
25、ing for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnologic
26、al utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience,as an essay in US News & World Report last
27、60;May seemed to suggest. The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics. The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studie
28、s,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed,some observers fear that the a
29、ntiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'antiscience' can lump together too many,quite different things,"notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald
30、 Holton in his1993work Science and AntiScience. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more
31、60;enlightened." 观点句三特点:位置在段落的首尾句或转折词后面;具有明显的倾向性和态度性;观点句比较简洁。 2、Argument-Counterargument 先引出他人观点,然后对此进行讨论。 被动语态提出的观点都是别人的观点,如:It is assumed that. 引语与论点:(引语,尤指开头部分) -直接引语-赞同:即若他人观点是以直接引语引入,则作者对此赞同。 -间接引语-反驳:如上道理例 What accounts for the great outburst of ma
32、jor inventions in early Americabreakthroughs such as the telegraph,the steamboat and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country s exc
33、ellent elementary schools a labor force that welcomed the new technology the practice of giving premiums to inventors and above all the American genius for nonverbal,"s
34、patial" thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England an
35、d Middle Atlantic states,were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American
36、; adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in1853reported,"With a mind prepared by thorough school dis
37、cipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." A further stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system,which preceded our patent system and for&
38、#160;years ran parallel with it. This approach,originated abroad,offered inventors medals,cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States,multitudes of premiums for new devices
39、;were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith
40、 in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinki
41、ng required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,"A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions they
42、are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process. The designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that
43、as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote,"The mechanic should sit
44、0;down among levers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet,considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts,in which a new arrangement transmits a
45、60;new idea." When all these shaping forcesschools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinkinginteracted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they
46、produced that American characteristic,emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellen
47、ce. 3、General-Specific 先概括再具体(即总分模式) 4、Question-Answer 提出问题(头明显的有个疑问句),再作回答。 例 1 What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early Americabreakthroughs such as the telegraph,the steambo
48、at and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country s excellent elementary schools a labor force that welcomed the new technology&
49、#160;the practice of giving premiums to inventors and above all the American genius for nonverbal,"spatial" thinking about things technological. Why mention the elementary sc
50、hools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states,were generally literate and at home in
51、arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a memb
52、er of a British commission visiting here in1853reported,"With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman." A fu
53、rther stimulus to invention came from the "premium" system,which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach,originated abroad,offered inventors
54、160;medals,cash prizes and other incentives. In the United States,multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major&
55、#160;cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus torenew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. Given this optimistic appro
56、ach to technological innovation,the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,
57、"A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process. The
58、60; designer and the inventor are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist." This nonverbal "spatial" thinking can
59、0;be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote,"The mechanic should sit down among levers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,like a poet among the letters of
60、;the alphabet,considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts,in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea." When all these shaping forcesschools,open attitudes,the premium&
61、#160;system,a genius for spatial thinkinginteracted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic,emulation. Today that word implies mere
62、0;imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence. 5、Promblem-Discussion-(Solution例 Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the
63、0;postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the
64、 traditional workmoral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfill
65、ed its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into t
66、he maledominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices, involved in climbing Japan's
67、;rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life,
68、160;compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their cou
69、nterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mecha
70、nical learning over creativity and selfexpression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scorespersonality, ability, courage or humanityare completely ignored,"
71、;says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run w
72、ild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return
73、;to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by
74、 the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents." But that may have more to do with Japa
75、nese lifestyles. In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can
76、60;endure." With economic growth has come centralization fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family ha
77、ve been abandoned in favor of isolated, twogeneration households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living con
78、ditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below th
79、at of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly onequarter. 提出消极问题(明显的不好的问题),再作回答,分析原因,提出解决办法.但由于文章是出自英美报刊,出卷人要对长文章做压缩,所以有时解决办法没有提出,但是这并不影响你的解题。
80、 6、Phenomenon-Explantion 提出某个社会现象,对此进行解释原因。 7、Comparison-Contrast 比较相似点 比较不同点例 A Inc. the company that seeks to sell customers most any product they could possibly want on the Web
81、 reported its first profitable year yesterday after nearly a decade of red ink. The company's strongest holiday season ever pushed it(profit) over the to
82、p, with $73 million in earnings, or 17 cents per share for the fourth quarter. Those numbers were up sharply from the fourth quarter of 2002, when earning
83、s were only $3 million. For the year, Amazon posted sales of $5.3 billion, giving it a $35 million profit, compared with a $149 million loss in 2002. The
84、;company was also profitable in the third quarter of 2003, marking the first time /the company has put together backtoback quarters of profitability. "Amazon had
85、;a tremendously successful year in 2003," said Safa Rashtchy, a senior analyst with U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray. "They accelerated growth when people thought it wasn'
86、t possible." Rashtchy said the company's strategy of offering discounted prices and free shipping on some purchases finally seems to be paying off after yea
87、rs of doubts. Since its founding a decade ago, Amazon has endured heavy losses despite impressive sales numbers and high brand loyalty. Rashtchy said the compa
88、ny's moneymaking third and fourth quarters in 2003 bode well for 2004, and he projects the company will be profitable going forward. Yesterday's financial
89、 results generally met analysts' expectations. But the company has accumulated about $2 billion in debt and its success depends on its ability to continue growing. A
90、mazon's stock fell on the Nasdaq Stock Market yesterday, dropping $1.29, to $55.74. Shares then fell more than $1 more in afterhours trading immediately following
91、160;the earnings announcement. Amazon yesterday said that it expects firstquarter sales of between $1.39 billion and $1.49 billion, which would represent growth of between
92、28 percent and 38 percent over the same period in 2003. The company forecast overall sales of $6.2 billion to $6.7 billion in 2004. Amazon's gathering strength
93、;last year came during a surge in online retailing overall, as increased penetration of highspeed Internet access drove more shoppers to the Web. Consumers spent $93
94、60;billion online last year, a 27 percent increase over 2002, according to comScore Networks Inc., a survey firm that measures Internet traffic. "The tide has risen,&
95、#160;so it would make a lot of sense that Amazon would rise along with it, since they're the biggest ship in the water," said Graham Mudd, a
96、 comScore analyst. "But you still have to perform to maintain your share, and I don't think there's any doubt that they've performed." Mudd credited th
97、e company for recognizing early on that consumers were ready to use the Internet to buy products beyond books and CDs and to shop for housewares, clothes and j
98、ewelry as well. 8、Newspaper report/Special report 新闻报道 特点:首段中必定提到具体时间副词(近时间) 在文章中可以找到5W:who what when where how/why 其中,who,what,when 从首段中可以找到,也就是找到了话题。三、宏观提问 1、文章主旨题Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? (00/58)This passage is mainly _. (00/59) What is the passage mainly about?
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