英美概况——英国政体

1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式单击此处编辑母版文本样式第二级第三级第四级第五级*Chapter NinePolitical System of Britain6/24/20221ContentsConstitutional MonarchyBritish ParliamentBritish Government British Judicial Body6/24/20222Constitutional MonarchyWhat is Constitutional Monarchy?Development of Constitutional MonarchyThe Right and Role of

2、the MonarchElizabeth II and Her Royal Family6/24/20223 The power of the monarch is limited by the countrys constitution, the legal authority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to the government.6/24/20224Anglo-Saxons kings the Great Council (410-1066)Norman kingsWithout the Great Co

3、uncil (1066-1215) Magana Charta (1215)Limitation of the Kings powerfirst parliament of nobles(1264)evolution of constitutionGlorious Revolution(1688)More powerful of the parliamentWeakening of the Monarch6/24/20225The Right of the MonarchKing or QueenHead of legislature, executive, judiciaryHead of

4、StateCommander-in-chief of all armed forcesAppointment of OfficialsHead of the Church of England and Scotland6/24/20226The Role of the Monarch The monarch is the personal embodiment of the British government and a of British unity, representing the continuity of the whole political system. So the st

5、ability of the British government owes much to the monarchy. symbol6/24/20227Succession of the MonarchAct of SettlementSon has precedence over daughters.Daughters take the precedence over the brother of the monarchy.6/24/20228the eldest son wife of the eldest sonthe eldest daughterhusband of the que

6、en Prince of WalesPrincess of WalesRoyal PrincessDuke of Edinburgh6/24/20229Queen Elizabeth II Her title in the United Kingdom is Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealt

7、h, Defender of the Faith. 伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“伊丽莎白二世天佑大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他所属领土女王、英联邦元首、英国国教首领6/24/2022106/24/202211Buckingham Palace6/24/2022126/24/2022136/24/2022146/24/2022146/24/202215The Royal Family6/24/202216Queen ElizabethThe Prince Philip, Duke of EdinburghPrince CharlesPrince AndrewPrince EdwardPri

8、ncess AnnePrince William Prince HarryThe Royal Family6/24/202217Queen Elizabeth IIbeing Crowned in 1952 one of the longest-reigning monarchs in British historywidely respected for the way in which she performs her duties6/24/202218Married in 19476/24/202219Prince Charlesheir to the thronePrince of W

9、alesPrincess Diana (1981)Princess Camilla (2005)6/24/2022206/24/202221Princess AnnePrincess Royalwidely respected for her charity work6/24/202222Prince AndrewPrince Edward6/24/202223Prince William6/24/202224Prince Harry6/24/2022256/24/202226British Parliamentthe centre of the political system in the

10、 UKthe supreme legislative bodyThe Government is drawn from and answerable to it6/24/202227House of Lordsthe monarchHouse of CommonsLegislative bodyThe Upper HouseThe Lower House6/24/202228Westminster Palace: the House of Parliament6/24/2022296/24/202230The House of Lords6/24/2022316/24/202232Member

11、s of the House of Lords The Lords Spiritual (神职贵族)The Lords Temporal(世俗贵族)over 1,000 non elected membersTwo Archbishops of the Church of England24 bishopsHereditary peersLife peersLord Chancellor御前大臣 6/24/202233The hereditary peersDuke (公爵)Marquis (侯爵)Earl (伯爵)Viscount (子爵)Baron (男爵)The life peersa

12、reward for public service6/24/202234Functions of the House of Lordsto examine and revise bills from the House of Commons as the supreme court of justice and the highest court of appeal for both criminal and civil cases from the lower courts6/24/202235Weakening of the Function of the House of LordsPa

13、rliament Act of 1911The House of Lords could not prevent for more than two years a bill from passing into law.The interval was reduced to one year by a further Act passed in 1949.6/24/202236The House of Commons6/24/2022376/24/202238Members of the House of CommonsAny British man and woman aged over 1

14、8 years may be elected in parliament elections.651 constituencies 651 MPsA general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals. Speaker6/24/202239 Functions of the House of Commons to pass lawsto examine government policy and administrationsto supervise financ

15、e6/24/202240Currently a 30 minute session held on Wednesday after 12:00The Leader of the Opposition has six questions.Other backbench opposition MPs also have the right to question the Prime Minister.41Prime Ministers Question Time6/24/202241 The government cannot legally spend any money without the

16、 permission of the House of Commons.6/24/202242British Government British government is controlled by a parliament which has been elected by the people. The highest positions in the government are filled by members of the directly elected parliament (MPs). 6/24/202243Division of the Government Centr

17、al Government Local GovernmentThe Prime MinisterThe CabinetThe Privy CouncilCivil Servants6/24/202244Central Parliament25 departmentsministerThe TreasuryThe House of officeThe Foreign and Commonwealth officeMinistry of Defense财务部内务部外交部国防部6/24/202245The Prime MinisterLeader of the majority party in P

18、arliamentHead of the Cabinetthe head of the Civil ServiceThe right to suggest the dissolution of ParliamentThe right to appoint ministersThe ability to declare war6/24/202246The CabinetCenter of the British political systemThe supreme decision-making body in the British governmentThe leading core of

19、 the government where the policies and strategies are worked out and implemented6/24/202247Members of the Cabinet The Prime Minister The Lord President of the Privy Council The heads of the most important departments together with a few ministers without departmentnot fixed15-20 members6/24/202248Th

20、e cabinet and its committees work in greatThey meet once a week on Thursday mornings at the Prime Ministers Housesecrecy.No.10 Downing Street6/24/202249Functions of the CabinetTo make final decisions on the policy presented to the parliamentTo exercise the ultimate executive power on the Parliamenta

21、ry policyTo divide and adjust powers among the administrative departments6/24/202250The Privy Council (枢密院)The Kings Council( 王室评议院)Give advice to the KingFormal6/24/202251Members of the Privy Council390Archbishop of CanterburySpeaker of the House of CommonsLords of Appealthe Lord Chief Justiceretir

22、ed High Court Justiceshigh-ranking ambassadorsLord President6/24/202252 The Privy Council meeting are held in Buckingham Palace.6/24/202253Civil Servants541800 civil servants in British governmentCivil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination. Civil servants do not belong to any poli

23、tical party and a civil servant should be political neutral and confidential.Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff.6/24/202254 Local Governmenttwo main tierscountydistrictEngland and WalesThe County CouncilThe District CouncilScotlanddistricts regions 6/24/202255EnglandE

24、ight RegionsGreater London84 Counties34 Counties32 BoroughsDistrictsCity of LondonLocal Government in England 6/24/202256British JudiciaryConstitutional System Judiciary Organization Jury System6/24/202257British ConstitutionThere is no systematically codified document of lawStatutory LawCommon LawC

25、onventions6/24/202258Statutory law (Act of Parliament) It is the most important one referring to those that have actually been passed by Parliament.Magna Carta(1215)The Bill of Right(1689)The Reform Act(1832)Reform of the parliamentary electoral system.6/24/202259Common law & ConventionsCommon Law r

26、efers to the custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judgesConventions are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are regarded as vital to the working of government.6/24/202260British Judiciary DivisionTwo Levels: central courts and local courts.In case of the natur

27、e of cases: the civil courts and the criminal courts6/24/202261The Supreme CourtLord Chancellor - the Chief JusticeHouse of Lords6/24/202262Supreme Court6/24/202263Judiciary Division (1)the central courtsthe local courtsthe House of Lordsthe High Court of JusticeCourt of Appeal 上诉法院county courts 郡法院

28、 Magistrates courts治安法院6/24/202264 the Queens Bench 皇家法院 the Chancellor Division 高等法院 the Family Division 家庭法院The High Court of Justice6/24/202265The Court of AppealThe Court of Civil AppealThe Court of Criminal Appeal6/24/202266Judiciary Division (2)County CourtHigh Court of JusticeThe Court of Civ

29、il AppealThe House of LordsCounty CourtHigh Court of JusticeThe Court of Criminal Appeal6/24/202267British Jury SystemOriginated from Henry IIRemained from the Capitalism Revolution Big Jury and Small JurySince 1873, the Civil case never needs the Jury.Since 1933, big Jury was canceled.Since 1939, t

30、he number of Jury was reduced to six.6/24/202268 1. Which document, for the first time in English history, forced King to take the advice of nobles? A. the Petition of Right of 1628 B. Habeas Corpus Act D. the Bill of Rights of 1689C. Magna Carta6/24/202269 2. Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in _. A. 1951 C. 1953 D. 1954B.