中学平安校园创建汇报材料(fanwen7139com88

1、Chapter 12Prison LifeLearning ObjectivesDescribe the realities of prison life and subculture from the inmates point of viewExplain the concept of prisonizationDescribe the realities of prison life from the correctional officers point of viewDescribe the causes of riotsExplain the nature of the hands

2、-off doctrineLearning ObjectivesDiscuss the legal aspects of prisoners rightsExplain the balancing test established by the U.S. Supreme Court as it relates to prisoners rightsExplain state-created rights within the context of correctionsDescribe the special problems and issues that prisons face toda

3、yAmerican PrisonsFor many years, prisons and prison life could be described by the phrase “out of sight, out of mind.Concerned citizens began to offer their services to prison administrators and social scientists initiated a serious study of prison life.Hear author discuss the chapter.Research on Pr

4、ison Life: Total InstitutionsAny group with similar characteristics, subject to confinement in the same place at the same time, develops its own subculture with specific components that govern hierarchy, behavioral patterns, values, and so on.Library Extra 12-1Research on Prison Life: Total Institut

5、ionsTotal institution refers to:A total institution is a small society.An enclosed facility separate from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives.The Male Inmates WorldPrison subculture refers to:Prisonization refers to:Library Extra 12-2Web

6、 Extra 12-1The values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates. Prison subculture has been found to be surprisingly consistent across the country.The process whereby newly institutionalized offenders come to accepts prison lifestyles and criminal values.The Male Inmates WorldFive ele

7、ments of the prison code:Dont interfere with the interests of other inmates. Never rat on a con.Dont lose your head. Play it cool and do your own time.Dont exploit inmates. Dont steal. Dont break your word. Be right.Dont whine. Be a man.Dont be a sucker. Dont trust the guards or staff.The Functions

8、of Prison SubculturesDeprivation modelPrison subcultures are fundamentally an adaptation to deprivation and confinement.They are a way of addressing the psychological, social, physical, and sexual needs of prisoners.The pains of imprisonment:The frustrations induced by the rigors of confinement.The

9、Functions of Prison SubculturesImportation modelInmates bring with them values, roles, and behavior patterns from the outside world.When these offenders are confined, these external elements shape the social world of inmates.Web Extra 12-2The Functions of Prison SubculturesPrison society could be de

10、scribed in terms of: Prisonerstaff dichotomy Power of inmate “politicians” Racial groups Type of offense Degree of sexual abnormality Record of repeat offenses Work gangs and cell-house groups Personality differences due to preprison socialization Three general classes of prisonersPrison Lifestyles

11、and Inmate TypesInmates are able to express some individuality through the choice of a prison lifestyle. Mean dude Radical Hedonist Colonist Opportunist Religious Retreatist Realist LegalistHomosexuality in PrisonHomosexual behavior inside prisons is both constrained and encouraged by prison subcult

12、ure.Prison homosexuality depends to a considerable degree on the naivet of young inmates experiencing prison for the first time.Homosexuality in PrisonMost sexual aggressors do not consider themselves to be homosexuals.Sexual release is not the primary motivation for sexual attack.Many aggressors mu

13、st continue to participate in gang rapes to avoid becoming victims themselves.The aggressors have themselves suffered much damage to their masculinity in the past.Library Extra 12-3The Female Inmates WorldMost prisons for women are located in towns with fewer than 25,000 inhabitants.A significant nu

14、mber of facilities were not designed to house female inmates.The number of female offenders being sent to prison is rising.Most facilities that house female inmates also house men.Few facilities for women have programs especially designed for female offenders.The Female Inmates WorldFew major distur

15、bances or escapes are reported among female inmates.Substance abuse among female inmates is very high.Few work assignments are available to female inmates.The number of female inmates without a high school education is very high.The Female Inmates WorldSocial Structure in Womens PrisonsFemale inmate

16、s often construct pseudofamilies.71% of female prisoners are involved in the phenomenon.Other researchers have found no such patterns.Sexual misconduct between staff and inmates is far more commonly found in womens prisons than in prisons for men.Types of Female InmatesThe subculture of womens priso

17、ns is multidimensional.“Square inmates have few earlier criminal experiences.“Cool prisoners are more likely to be career criminals. They tend to keep to themselves.“Lifers are familiar with lives of crime. They are full participants in prison culture.Violence in Womens PrisonsViolence in womens pri

18、sons tends to be used only to settle questions of dominance and subordination.Much abuse is also at the hands of correctional staff.Library Extras 12-4 and 12-5Violence in Womens PrisonsTask Force on the Female Offender recommended:Substance-abuse programs should be available to female inmates.Femal

19、e inmates need to acquire greater literacy skills.Female offenders should be housed in buildings without male inmates.Institutions for women should develop programs for keeping children in the facility.To ensure equal access to assistance, institutions should be built to accommodate programs for fem

20、ale offenders.The Staff WorldApproximately 350,000 employeesLike prisoners, correctional officers undergo a socialization process that helps them function by the official and unofficial rules of staff society.One of the leading formative influences of staff culture is the potential threat that inmat

21、es pose.Professionalization of Correctional OfficersCorrectional officers have low occupational status.Historically, it required little education and few advancement opportunities.Growing legal liability has become an issue.There are current efforts to increase the professionalization of the occupat

22、ion.Job trainingPsychological screeningPrison RiotsCauses of RiotsAn insensitive prison administration and neglected inmates demandsThe lifestyles most inmates are familiar with on the streetsDehumanizing prison conditionsTo regulate inmate society and redistribute power balances among inmate groups

23、“Power vacuums created by major changes within the formal or informal prison structureStages in Riots and Riot ControlPrison riots tend to evolve through five phases:ExplosionOrganization into inmate-led groupsConfrontation with authorityTermination through negotiation or physical confrontationReact

24、ion and explanation, usually by investigative commissionsPrisoners RightsBefore the 1960s, American courts had taken a noninterventionist approach toward the running of prisons, known as the hands-off doctrine.This was premised on the belief that defendants lost most of their rights upon conviction,

25、 known as civil death.There is now evidence that a new hands-off era is approaching.The Conditional Rights of Inmates:Religious FreedomA right of assembly for religious services and groupsA right to attend services of other religious groupsA right to receive visits from ministersA right to correspon

26、d with religious leadersA right to observe religious dietary lawsA right to wear religious insigniaThe Conditional Rights of Inmates:Freedom of SpeechA right to meet with members of the pressA right to receive publications directly from the publisherA right to communicate with nonprisonersThe Condit

27、ional Rights of Inmates:Access to Legal AssistanceA right to have access to the courtsA right to visits from attorneysA right to have mail communications from lawyersA right to communicate with legal assistance organizationsA right to consult “jailhouse lawyersA right to assistance in filing legal p

28、apersThe Conditional Rights of Inmates:Medical TreatmentA right to sanitary and healthy conditionsA right to medical attention for serious physical problemsA right to required medicationsA right to treatment in accordance with “doctors ordersMedical CareDeliberate indifference refers to:A wanton dis

29、regard by correctional personnel for the well-being of inmates.Deliberate indifference requires both actual knowledge that a harm is occurring and disregard of the risk of harm.It is an Eighth Amendment violation.The Conditional Rights of Inmates:ProtectionA right to food, water, and shelterA right

30、to protection from foreseeable attackA right to protection from predictable sexual abuseA right to protection against suicideThe Conditional Rights of Inmates:Institutional Punishment and DisciplineAn absolute right against corporal punishments, unless sentenced to such punishments.A limited right t

31、o due process before punishment:Notice of chargesA fair and impartial hearingAn opportunity for defenseA right to present witnessesA written decisionA Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996:Requires inmates to exhaust their prisons grievance procedure before filing a l

32、awsuit.Requires a judicial screening and dismissal for all frivolous complaints against the federal government.Prohibits prisoners from filing a lawsuit for mental or emotional injury unless they can also show there has been physical injury.A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?Prison Litigation Reform

33、 Act of 1996:Limits the award of attorneys fees in successful lawsuits brought by inmates.Revokes the early release credits earned by federal prisoners for filing a malicious lawsuit.Mandates that court orders affecting prison administration cannot go any further than necessary to correct a violatio

34、n of a particular inmates civil rights.A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1996:Makes it possible for state officials to have court orders lifted after two years unless there is a new finding of a continuing violation of federally guaranteed civil rights.Mandates that

35、any court order requiring the release of prisoners due to overcrowding be approved by a three-member court before it can become effective.Requires inmates to pay court filing fees.Issues Facing Prisons TodayAidsLibrary Extras 12-6 and 12-7Geriatric OffendersWeb Extras 12-3 and 12-4Mentally Ill Inmat

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