英语二学历语言学PPT课件

1、2022-7-61Contents I. Definition of Language; II. Defining Features of Language; III. Language: Unique to Humans; IV. Two Languages in One Brain; V. Language Acquisition: VI. Functions of Language; VII. Origin of Language;第1页/共67页2022-7-62语言是一套人类用来交际的有序的任意有声符号系统。I. Definition of Language1.1 Understan

2、ding of Language:1.2 Definition of Language: is a well-organized system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.第2页/共67页2022-7-631.1 Understanding of Language1.1.1 Langue vs. Parole;1.1.2 Linguistic Competence vs. Linguistics Performance.第3页/共67页2022-7-641.1.1 Langue vs. Parole It is

3、 proposed by Saussure to distinguish the two senses of the word “LANGUAGE”; Langue refers to the collective language system shared by a community of speakers; Parole refers to the concrete utterances produced by individual speakers in actual situations; The distinction directs the way for later ling

4、uistic research.第4页/共67页2022-7-651.1.2 Linguistic Competence vs. Linguistics Performance It is proposed by Chomsky, the American linguist;Linguistic competence means a native speakers linguistic knowledge of his language; Competence is the perfect knowledge of an ideal speaker-listener of the langua

5、ge in a homogeneous speech community. linguistic knowledge is separated from sociocultural features 第5页/共67页2022-7-66 Linguistic performance is the actual use of ones linguistic competence in different situations; An example to show that is the slips of the tongue. Also called speech error, it is an

6、 involuntary and inadvertent deviation from an intended utterance that often results in ungrammaticality, nonsense words, or anomaly, etc. （口误）第6页/共67页2022-7-67Term citations Performance VS. competence: Chomsky (1965) in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with

7、an ideal speaker-listener, Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant c

8、onditions perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interests, as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interests, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the and

9、 errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance. (1965 p.3)language in actual performance. (1965 p.3)第7页/共67页2022-7-68Term citationsLangue Vs. ParoleF. De. Saussure (1916) “Course in General Linguistics”“Research of speech activity includes two part

10、s, one is primary, which is social essentially, and does not take the personal speech as research targetAnother is less important, that it takes the personal part of speech activity, namely parole, including articulation as research target” (Saussure, 1980, p. 41). “It is an illusion to joint langue

11、 and parole together with the same view. The whole of the speech activity is unable to know, because it is not homogeneous” (Saussure, 1980, p. 42).第8页/共67页2022-7-69II. Defining Features of Language 2.1 Well-organized system of symbols; 2.2 Duality of Structure; 2.3 Arbitrariness; 2.4 Productivity;

12、2.5 Displacement; 2.6 Transferability; 2.7 Cultural Transmission; 2.8 Linearity.第9页/共67页2022-7-6102.1 Well-organized system of symbols有序的符号性 It means that language is formed by a set of linguistic symbols; Linguistic symbols include phonemes, morphemes, syllables, words, sentences, and utterances, e

13、tc.; The system is well-organized because it can express infinite ideas with finite symbols.第10页/共67页2022-7-6112.2 Duality of Structure结构的二重性 It means the two abstract levels of its structure: higher vs. lower; The higher level is the combination of meaningful units (such as words) and forms the mea

14、ning system;第11页/共67页2022-7-612 The lower one is a sequence of meaningless segments (such as phonemes) and forms the sound system; This is a crucial feature of human language.第12页/共67页2022-7-6132.3 Arbitrariness音义结合的任意性 It is the discretional connection between linguistic symbols and the meanings th

15、ey represent; Whats in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. (From Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare); Onomatopoeic words seem to be exceptions, but not really.第13页/共67页2022-7-6142.4 Productivity语句的能产性 It means that language users can produce and understand an indef

16、inite number of sentences by use of a finite set of rules; It is illustrated by the following phenomenon: people can understand a well-formed sentence they have never heard before.第14页/共67页2022-7-6152.5 Displacement时空的替代性 It means that language can be used to refer to the contexts that are removed f

17、rom the immediate situation of the speaker, esp. time and place; Yesterday British Prime Minister Clair visited the Great Wall. It is a convenient means for its users to overcome the barriers of time and place.第15页/共67页2022-7-6162.6 Transferability口笔语间的可转换性 It means that language can be changed from

18、 spoken forms into written forms or vise versa; It provides its users with another convenient way of communication: either spoken or written.第16页/共67页2022-7-6172.7 Cultural Transmission文化的传递性 It means that language is the main medium through which a peoples culture is passed on from generation to ge

19、neration; A wolf child cannot learn to speak before it is rescued back to human society; There is a close relationship between language and culture.第17页/共67页2022-7-6182.8 Linearity成分组合的直线性 It means that the characteristic representation of language is a one-dimensional sequence of elements to combin

20、e linguistic symbols into larger units according to different rules; This feature makes it possible to formulate grammatical processes.第18页/共67页2022-7-619III. Language: Unique to Humans 3.1 Animal Communication Systems; 3.2 Human Languages vs. those of Animals.第19页/共67页2022-7-6203.1 Animal Communica

21、tion Systems Parrots imitation; Spiders signaling; Bees dancing; Other higher species “language”.第20页/共67页2022-7-6213.2 Human Languages vs. those of Animals 3.2.1 Similarities; 3.2.2 Dissimilarities.第21页/共67页2022-7-6223.2.1 Similarities Both of them are means of communication; Both of them use symbo

22、ls; Both of them seem to convey meanings.第22页/共67页2022-7-6233.2.2 DissimilaritiesHuman beingsAcquired; Productive;Arbitrary;Infinite; Dual; Developed; Conventional; Socially-stimulated.AnimalsInnate;Non-productive;Fixed;Finite;Unitary;Unalterable;Natural-born;Naturally-stimulated.第23页/共67页2022-7-624

23、IV. Two Languages in One Brain? 1.Is there one part of the brain that is dedicated to language?2.What is the connection between memory and language?3.Is there a difference between the monolingual and the bilingual brain?第24页/共67页2022-7-6254.1 Where is language? Language involves many features hearin

24、g, understanding, speaking, reading making it difficult to isolate the part of the brain involved in language. Language can be described as having levels, each one with its own neurological systems: Speech perception: Hearing and understanding sounds (phonology), words (morphology), sentences (synta

25、x). Speech production: Tongue, lips, vocal cords.第25页/共67页2022-7-626MODELS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS IN THE BRAIN 第26页/共67页2022-7-627Speech Perception第27页/共67页2022-7-628Human brain第28页/共67页2022-7-629Language-Processing Areas in Human brainPaul Broca Carl Wernicke 第29页/共67页2022-7-630Br

26、oca and Wernicke The language parts of the brain are named for two 19th century physicians, Paul Broca（布罗卡布罗卡） and Carl Wernicke（韦尼克失（韦尼克失 Wernicke Wernicke aphasiaaphasia）. Brocas area is located in the left frontal lobe( (大脑额叶大脑额叶) ) and is considered responsible for articulated language. Wernicke

27、s area is located in the left temporal lobe( (颞叶）颞叶） and is considered accountable for comprehension of sounds and words. 第30页/共67页2022-7-631Brain injury“January February march winter snow” Patients with injury to Brocas area seem to have words but no grammar. Speech is characterized by disconnected

28、 content words, but ability to recollect lists, series, and songs.“The snow isnt really tall but I went to eat supper”Patients with injury to Wernickes area seem to have grammar but no meaning. Speech is often rapid and grammatical, but nonsensical. 第31页/共67页2022-7-632Memory Short-term memory: (work

29、ing memory) processes and stores limited amount of information for a few seconds. Long-term memory: Implicit（内隐）: knowledge that cannot be retrieved consciously knowing how. Explicit（外显）: knowledge that can be consciously retrieved knowing what. 第32页/共67页2022-7-633Words and grammar Words may be stor

30、ed and processed in explicit memory. Grammar may be stored and processed in implicit memory.第33页/共67页2022-7-6344.2 The Bilingual Brain Brain imaging（成像）（成像） technologies suggest that when L2 is acquired during the sensitive period, L1 and L2 tend to be represented in the same areas. Grammatical proc

31、essing seems to be sensitive to age of acquisition. Semantic processing, seems to be less sensitive to age of acquisition. Quoi?What?第34页/共67页2022-7-635Evidence suggests words are supported by explicit memory. syntax is supported by implicit memory. two languages of a bilingual person access a commo

32、n semantic system. adult L2 relies on explicit memory. increasing L2 proficiency changes brain organization.第35页/共67页2022-7-636Evidence suggests Words may represent multiple kinds of brain functioning: nouns act as attentional cues and seem to activate the parts of the brain related to sensory and a

33、ssociative processing verbs are associated with actions and manipulation tasks and seem to activate the motor areas of the brain.(There is some indication that nouns may have evolved in the brain before verbs.) 第36页/共67页2022-7-637V. First language acquisition ? 1.Do children have to be “taught” how

34、to speak?2.Do children generate creative utterances?3.How long does it take a child to become “fluent” in her native language?4.What does it mean when a child says “I seed the dog” or “Daddy eated his supper” ?第37页/共67页2022-7-6385.1 Three Theories:EnvironmentalistNativistInteractionist 第38页/共67页2022

35、-7-6395.1.1 Environmentalist theoriesEnvironment shapes learning and behaviorChildren react to their surroundingsChildren learn language from Input Trial and error Error correction第39页/共67页2022-7-6405.1.2 Nativist theories Children do not need any kind of formal teaching to learn to speak. Children

36、are born with a natural capacity to learn language. The brain contains systems for recognizing patterns of sound.第40页/共67页2022-7-6415.1.2.1 Noam Chomskys L-A-D Chomskys theory of the LAD (Language Acquisition Device) states that every human is born with innate principles of language. Children learn

37、language spontaneously and speak creatively. The “poverty of the stimulus theory” states that what children hear is incomplete and often ungrammatical, and cannot account for the creativity of their utterances. 第41页/共67页2022-7-6425.1.2.2 Critical period hypothesis: There is a critical period for lan

38、guage learning. There is no agreement about how long this sensitive period lasts. Genie the American wild child provided evidence that language cannot be learned after puberty.第42页/共67页2022-7-6435.1.3 Interactionist Theories: Children require interaction with a care-giver to develop language. Childr

39、en follow the attention of the care-giver and learn to direct the attention of the care-giver; these activities involve intention reading and pattern finding skills. Communication is 3-way: child, adult, object. Language structure emerges from language use. 第43页/共67页2022-7-644V. Second language acqu

40、isition ?1. Does an adult learn a second language the way a child learns a first language? 2. If not, what happened to the LAD?3. Is there a critical period for L2 acquisition?4. Which is better classroom learning or immersion experience第44页/共67页2022-7-645More questions ? What is the role of grammar

41、 instruction in L2 acquisition? What is the role of interaction in L2 acquisition? What is the role of error correction in L2 acquisition? How do listening, speaking, reading, and writing contribute to L2 acquisition?第45页/共67页2022-7-6465.3The Monitor ModelFIVE HYPOTHESES:1.acquisition / learning are

42、 two different processes (spontaneous vs. conscious)2.natural order (grammar is acquired in a predictable order in a natural setting)3.monitor (learning functions only as an editor, or monitor)4.input (comprehensible input is essential for acquisition)5.affective filter (acquisition occurs when affe

43、ctive conditions are optimal, i.e., low anxiety, motivation, confidence, etc.Stephen KrashenStephen KrashenPrinciples and Practice in Second Principles and Practice in Second Language AcquisitionLanguage Acquisition (1981) (1981)“监察模式”习得习得- -学得假学得假说说 自然顺序自然顺序假说假说 监察监察假说假说 输入假说输入假说 情感过滤假说情感过滤假说 第46页/

44、共67页2022-7-6475.4 Communicative competence Dell Hymes. 1972. Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life. Hola! 1. Grammatical competence: mastery of linguistic code 2. Sociolinguistic competence: knowledge of social and cultural rules3. Discourse competence: ability to connect sentences c

45、oherently4. Strategic competence: ability to use verbal and non-verbal communication strategiesCanale and Swain (1983)Hymes(1972)认为,Chomsky的理论是脱离实际的,它抽象地论述理想的事物,而未把社会文化因素作为其描述的内容。而要说明交际者的现实问题则需要一种社会文化因素具有明确的组成成分地位的理论。交际能力理论就是这样一种理论。 交际能力指说话人从全部语法上正确的表达式中选择某些形式,这些形式能恰当地反映制约特定交往中的行为的社会规范。换句话说,交际能力指说话人

46、所使用的语言不仅在语法上正确,而且从社会规范的角度来说是得体的。 Hymes(1972)进一步提出交际能力理论包含四个参数:(1)是否(以及在什么程度上)在形式上可能。(2)是否(以及在什么程度上)可行。(3)是否(以及在什么程度上)得体。(4)是否(以及在什么程度上)实际上实现了。Hymes指出,他提出的这个交际能力理论的目的在于说明怎样把可能的、可行的和得体的行为连接起来,解释实际发生的文化行为。 第47页/共67页2022-7-6485.5 Adult L2 learning relies onL1 competencegeneral problem-solving systemsgen

47、eral understanding about the nature of human interactionintentional / purposeful motivation 第48页/共67页2022-7-6495.6 Are you bilingual? If you can understand a language, but not speak it, are you bilingual? If you can speak a language, but cannot write it, are you bilingual? If you can read a language

48、, but cannot speak or write it, are you bilingual? Who decides whether or not a person is bilingual?第49页/共67页2022-7-650What does “bilingual” mean?uno, dos, tres Un, deux, trois 第50页/共67页2022-7-651There are at least 37 definitions of “bilingual.” Balanced bilingual = mastery of two languages is rough

49、ly equivalent Covert bilingual = someone who hides knowledge of another language because of an attitudinal dispositon Dominant bilingual = greater proficiency in one of the two languages Early bilingual = someone who acquired both languages in childhood Late bilingual = someone who became bilingual

50、later than childhood Receptive bilingual = someone who understands but does not read or write Secondary bilingual = someone whose second language had been added to a first via instruction Incipient bilingual = someone at the early stages of bilingualism第51页/共67页2022-7-652There are many places a pers

51、on can become bilingual. at home at school traveling when youre in love in the work place第52页/共67页2022-7-653Demystifying bilingualismNo one has the same level or the same type of proficiency in two (or more) languages! 第53页/共67页2022-7-654Attitudes about bilingualism In the 19th century people believ

52、ed that being bilingual was detrimental to intellectual and spiritual growth. In the early 20th century some studies indicated that bilingual children had lower IQs than monolingual children. Today, some bilingual speakers may be encouraged to suppress their minority language in favor of the cultura

53、lly dominant language.第54页/共67页2022-7-655Cognitive advantages of bilingualismcreative thinkingflexible thinkingfaster learninglarger vocabularygreater sensitivity in communication第55页/共67页2022-7-6565.7 Code-switching is 语码转换语码转换 the alternating use of two or more languages in a single conversation e

54、vent. is a natural, observable occurrence among people of all ages who speak more than one language. is the norm for many bilinguals. is a mostly unconscious, spontaneous language phenomenon in bilingual interactions. Yeah So, do you want to go prendre un verre now（have a drink)?Le prof, elle est (t

55、he prof. is) really nice. 第56页/共67页2022-7-657CS is a linguistic phenomenon CS is rule-governed and may even be a type of skilled language performance. One language in bilingual speech production is more dominant and activated than the other; the dominant one is called the matrix language and the sec

56、ondary one is the embedded language. The grammar of the matrix language governs the structure of words (morphology) and the order of words (syntax) in CS.第57页/共67页2022-7-658CS is a social phenomenon CS can be an intentional strategy to convey power express anger be funny create social distance OR intimacy第58页/共67页2022-7-659Where are you on the bilingual continuum? Can you understand French? Can you speak French? Can you read? Write? Do you engage in word play with French? Do you code-switch?BILINGUAL CONTINU