英语句子成分（沐风书屋）

1、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要成分主语、谓语次要成分表语、宾语、定语、状语补足语、同位语、插入语1沐风书苑i主语：主语 (Subject) 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：2沐风书苑i1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

2、2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）3沐风书苑i7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

3、 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）4沐风书苑i谓语 谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.5沐风书苑i谓语 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for tw

4、o weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如： He doesnt speak English. They are working in a field. He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。6沐风书苑i表语 表语(Predicative) 用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分

5、词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 7沐风书苑i1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）8沐风书苑i6.His job is to teach English. （不定式）7.His hobby is playing football. （动名词）8.The meeting is of great import

6、ance. （介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over. （副词） （副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）9沐风书苑i注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always keeps silent at the me

7、eting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.10沐风书苑i注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginnin

8、g to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达结果是;证明是 ，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.11沐风书苑i宾语 宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.-How many dictionaries do you have? -I

9、have five.（名词）（代词、 动名词）（名词）（数词）12沐风书苑i4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词， 名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）13沐风书苑i宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. write

10、, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw后跟to，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday. leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save后跟for，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.14沐风书苑i宾语补足语 宾语补足语（Ob

11、ject Complement）， 用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：15沐风书苑i1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We sa

12、w her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词短语）（介词短语）（从句）16沐风书苑i定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下形式表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country; America is a develope

13、d country.（分词） 3.There are many women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）17沐风书苑i5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn Engli

14、sh.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句)18沐风书苑i状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词词组）（不定式短语）19沐风书苑

15、i4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）20沐风书苑i9种状语种类： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5

16、.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）21沐风书苑i6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 8.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9.She works very hard though she is old.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语

17、）（让步状语）22沐风书苑i 同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.23沐风书苑i练习一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me

18、 the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial24沐风书苑i6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. Ther

19、e is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.AdverbialS.PredicateS.PredicativePredi

20、cateO.AdverbialAO.RO.25沐风书苑i14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The appl

21、es tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialPredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative26沐风书苑i名词/代词/形容词/副词/动词不定式/动词-ing / 动词-ed/从句主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语/主补宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lVi名词 / 代词 / The + 形容词动词-ing / 从句 / 动词不定式名词 / 代词 / The + 形容词动词-ing / 从句 / 动词不定式英语句子基本成分示意图be / feel / seem / lookappear / lie become /get /

22、grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. 名词/代词/形容词/副词/动词不定式/动词-ing / 动词-ed/从句27沐风书苑i句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或事名,代,数,不定式,动名词,短语或句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both of us like English.表语与联系动词连用,一起构成谓语,说明主语的

23、性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形,代,数,名,副,介词短语或句子We have eight lessons today .状语修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动作发生的时间,地点，原因,目的,方式,结果等副词,介词短语或句子He works very hard.They held a party here.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词,名词,介词短语等She always keeps the house clean. 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。 宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可

24、无。28沐风书苑i有关句子成分的真题：In the sentence Its no use waiting for her, the italicized phrase is)_. A. the object B. an adverbial C. a complement D. the subject本题为句子成分题。在Its no use waiting for her中，it为形式主语，句子真正的主语是动名词短语waiting for her，故选D（P.14-18）。A意为“宾语”，B意为“状语”，C意为“补语”。201029沐风书苑iWhich of the following sen

25、tences has an object complement? A. The directors appointed John manager. B. I gave Mary a Christmas present. C. You have done Peter a favour. D. She is teaching children English.本题为句子成分题。宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语用来对宾语的特征、状态等情况进行补充说明，这个成分称之为宾语补足语。它和前面的宾语一起形成“复合宾语”，宾语和宾语补足语之间存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系。选项A（P.14-18）中的manager和宾

26、语John之间存在逻辑主谓关系，故为宾语补足语。而选项B、C、D中的动词后面都是双宾语。 201130沐风书苑iIn “How much do you think he earns?”, “how much” is _ of the sentence.A. the subject B. the adverbialC. the object D. the complement题解：how much在句中作动词think 的宾语，主语是you，所以答案为C(P.14-18)。200931沐风书苑iWhich of the following italicized parts is used as

27、an object?A. What do you think has happened to her?B. Who do you think the visiting professor is?C. How much do you think he earns every month?D. How quickly would you say he would come?考查句子结构。A、B、C选项中do you think 是插入语，A中what 作主语 ，B中 Who作表语，C中How much 作earns 的宾语，D中是状语。故选C（P,14-18）201132沐风书苑i1. Which

28、 of the following italicized phrases indicates CAUSE? A. Why dont you do it for the sake of your friends? B. I wish I could write as well as you. C. For all his efforts, he didnt get an A. D. Her eyes were red from excessive reading.本题为句意理解题。句中的斜体字部分from excessive reading是眼睛红的原因，故选D(原因状语)。句意：由于看书太多，

29、她的眼睛红了201033沐风书苑i Which of the following italicized phrases indicates purpose?A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriously.B. For all its effort, the team didnt win the match.C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years.D. He set out for Beijing yesterday.考查句子成分，选出目的状语。A 目的状语：“为了娱乐 ”B

30、让步状语 ，“尽管付出了很多努力”C 时间状语， D 地点状语。故选A 201134沐风书苑i4. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause?A. We are quite certain that we will get there in time.B. He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.C. She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.D. It is

31、 sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.考查句子成分。D中It是形式主语，that引导真实的主语从句，A是表语从句，B是同位语从句 C是宾语从句。故选D(P.348)201135沐风书苑i5. There is no doubt _ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A. whetherB. thatC. whyD. when考查句子成分，that引导同位语从句。故选B(P.349)201136沐风书苑i64

32、Which of the following prepositional phrases is an adverbial of concession?AThey used the box for keeping treasuresBI stepped aside for her to get in firstCFor all that he seems to dislike me，I still like himDThe parents bought a birthday cake for their son64. 答案：C 考查句子成分-状语201237沐风书苑i57which of the italicized parts functions as a subject?AWe never doubt that her brother is honestBThe problem is not who will go but who will stayCYou must give it back to whoever it belon