绪论石油与天然气地质学

1、Chengdu University of TechnologyCollege of Energy ResourcesPetroleum Geology1The importance of petroleum geologyThe need of economic development The safety of state strategySea territory of our country2Oil &Gas Price from 2003-2005Brent oil 100.48 $ /per barrel (2008.3.4)3IMPORTEXPORT4Petroleum Rese

2、rves of The World56东海盆地石油资源量54亿吨，探明天然气储量842亿方（2000年），天然气资源量24600亿方。78910各国具有200海里经济专属区。我国与日本的岛屿间没有400海里，国际法规定有两种海域划法。法大陆架延伸法日本不接受南海模式，即“搁置争议，共同开发”11Main Contents of Petroleum Geology The main tasks of petroleum geology are to deal with the process of petroleum generation, migration and accumulation

3、and distribution as well. 12Occurrences of Petroleum Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas, liquid, semisolid, or solid, or in more than one of these states at a single place. Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon (hydrogen and carbon) compounds, with minor am

4、ounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities.13Liquid petroleum, which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil, is the most important commercially. It consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons, with varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens, and impurities.14Petroleum gas,

5、 commonly called natural gas to distinguish it from manufactured gas, consists of lighter paraffin (石蜡)hydrocarbon, of which the most abundant is methane gas (CH4).The semisolid and solid forms of petroleum consist of the heavy hydrocarbons and bitumens.15The Relationships between Petroleum Geology

6、and Sciences in General16Geology itself is an integrative science. Founded upon the observation of all inanimate（无生命的） features of the Earth-rocks, fossils, rivers, volcanoes it seeks their explanation with the assistance of theories and experiments of other sciences. 17Petroleum geology contains th

7、ose disciplines, which are of greatest significance for the finding and recovery of oil and gas.18Physical Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Structure Geology, Tectonics, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Mapping, Economics 1920In essence（本质）, we may think of geology as a spectrum

8、 extending between one end-number immediately related to the exact sciences of chemistry, physics, and mathematics, and another end-number related to the life science (zoology and botany). 21The fist end-number is mineralogy, the second paleontology; each is a science in its own right.pyriteberyl22E

9、verything in between these two sciences is either physical or historical geology, or a combination of the two . Close to mineralogy are igneous and metamorphic petrology, which involve professional knowledge of chemistry and of thermodynamics. Close to paleontology is stratigraphy, involving an unde

10、rstanding of biology, meteorology, and oceanography. 232425Close to both petrology and stratigraphy are structural geology and sedimentary geology, requiring knowledge of mechanics, hydraulics, and descriptive geometry. Tsunami caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption26Any or all of t

11、hese subdisciplines may adopt not only the material of the physicists and the chemists but their techniques in addition, giving us the distinctive interdisciplinary sciences of geophysics and geochemistry.27282930313233A modern university curriculum in geology has to embrace all these topics. As geo

12、logy is more dependent upon the other sciences in the curriculum than they are upon it, the geologists program of study must also include those sciences themselves. It is a fortunate department that can find room and time in such a program for anything specially called petroleum geology. The new gra

13、duate may enter the petroleum industry armed with the core courses in geology and the other sciences alone. 34Geology, already an integrative science for the student, becomes still more integrative for the practitioner in the industry. Because oil and gas are fluids, a knowledge of fluid dynamics mu

14、st be acquired. Because geology in industry is fundamentally practical, a knowledge of some branches of engineering will quickly become necessary. And because everything the geologist does will eventually come to test in the market-place of the real world, an understanding of economics is a big help

15、. 35Since practically all petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks, sedimentology forms an important part of the basis for petroleum geology. 早期高水位晚期高水位期高低时间潮上滩后泻湖浅水滩丘-斜交前积中-高水位面，上为晚期，下为早期加积到S形前积老岩层斜坡盆地沉积体系潮间到潮上带泥灰岩含生物碎屑灰岩鲕粒滩坝相斜坡相盆地细粒灰岩早期高水位沉积体系晚期高水位沉积体系伴生II型的沉积几何形态立体图解（转引自徐怀大，1993）高水位早期沉积表现为加积到“S”型进积模

16、式，高水位晚期沉积表现为丘形到斜交型进积。海平面茶源坪太平镇建南向盆地方向滩体边缘斜坡边缘36Structural geology is also important for understanding the mode and timing of oil and gas traps and the general development of sedimentary basin. 37Oil and gas are derived from organic matter buried in a sedimentary basin. Organic geochemistry, which in

17、cludes the study of organic matter in sediments and its transformation into hydrocarbon, has become an important part of petroleum geology. 38Today we explore for structures which are seldom visible on the surface. To define subsurface structures, we use (1)geophysical measurements at the surface, a

18、nd (2)correlation by means of logs and fossils from well. Geophysical measurements may include gravimetry and magnetometry, but seismic measurements are definitely the most important. 3940Because of the rapid improvement in the quality of seismic data processing techniques, geological interpretation

19、 of seismic data has an entirely new and expanding field. Seismic sections and other geophysical data are often the only information we have, particularly for exploration below the ocean floor, where drilling is very costly. 414243飞四飞三飞二飞一嘉陵江组飞仙关组长兴组三迭系二迭系飞三反射第一相位飞四顶反射JN-00-18储层部位44Geophysical well-

20、logging methods have developed equally rapidly. Logs provide a continuity of information through long series of beds which one can seldom obtain from exposures or core samples. This information makes it possible to interpret not only the lithological composition of rocks and the variation of porosit

21、y and permeability, but also the depositional environment. 45裂缝+溶孔发育段裂缝发育段溶孔发育段GR CALRS RDAC PE46It would be true to say that indirect methods of mapping rock types employing geophysical aids are becoming increasingly important in petroleum geology, but it is still necessary to take samples and exam

22、ine the rocks themselves. A petroleum geologist should also have experience of mapping in the field and of sedimentology and petrography in order to be able to interpret indirect data like seismic records or well logs.4748高值异常区高值异常区高值异常区。工业性气井：建3、10、36、51井49For many exploration managers and chief ge

23、ologists, that is all they want in their recruits. A well trained geologist, without prefix, will be able to apply his knowledge and abilities to the petroleum industrys concerns once they are augmented by a few techniques that only experience in the industry can teach.50In the modern industry, no o

24、ne individual will have the opportunity to acquire experience or to use skill in all of these aspects of the subject. The modern petroleum geologist is as likely to become a specialist as any other kind of scientist is. The best petroleum geologists, nonetheless, are among the most versatile of scie

25、ntists.51Basic Vocabulary Petroleum(rock oil): is a naturally occurring complex of hydrocarbons widely distributed in the sedimentary rocks of Earths crust (F. K. North, 1990). A naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbon, which after distillation and removal of impurities yields a range of comb

26、ustible fuels, petrochemicals and lubricants (Glossary of Geology, 1997).A general term for all naturally occurring hydrocarbons, whether gaseous, liquid or solid (Leverson, 1967). Synonymous: Crude oil 52Reservoir (petroleum): Any porous and permeable rock that yields oil or gas. Sandstone, limesto

27、ne and dolomite are the most reservoir rocks, but accumulation in fractured igneous and metamorphic rocks is not unknown (Glossary of Geology, 1997). Pool (petroleum): A subsurface accumulation of oil and/or gas in porous and permeable rock (Glossary of Geology, 1997). Petroleum becomes commercially

28、 exploitable when it is naturally gathered into a pool, which is a single, discrete accumulation of oil or gas in a single reservoir with a single trap. Several pools may lie in a vertical succession within a single area, or they may lie side by side or overlap laterally so as to constitute an areal

29、ly continuous accumulation called a filed or oil field. 53Trap (petroleum): Any barrier to the upward movement of oil or gas, allowing either or both to accumulate. A trap includes a reservoir rock and an overlying or updip impermeable roof rock; the contact between these is concave as viewed from b

30、elow (Glossary of Geology, 1997). Sedimentary Basin: A three dimensional geological entity containing a number of oil and gas fields (F. K. North, 1990). A low area in the Earths crust, of tectonic origin, in which sediments have accumulated (Glossary of Geology, 1997). 54Province (petroleum): A geo

31、graphical region containing petroleum fields having some geological characteristics in common (F. K. North, 1990). Any large area or region considered as a whole, all parts of which are characterized by similar features or by a history differing significantly from that of adjacent areas (Glossary of

32、 Geology, 1997).A province may be synonymous with basin, or it may embrace several basins sharing clear similarities but separated by barren, nonbasinal tracts. 55District (petroleum): is a geographic concentration of fields within a basin or a province (F. K. North, 1990). Prospect (petroleum): A s

33、mall area within a basin, province or district which may contain oil and gas but has not yet been proved to do so is so called (F. K. North, 1990).Play (petroleum): The active exploration or leasing of (and) petroleum or natural gas, based on a concept of the petroleum geology of an area (F. K. Nort

34、h, 1990). A large area within which the drilling of prospects has established success and pointed the way for further drilling (F. K. North, 1990).56Well (petroleum): Oil and gas are discovered and exploited by drilling boreholes, or by boring drillholes, a hole which yields any fluid is a well (F.

35、K. North, 1990). Conventional: Oil and gas occurring under these conditions are said to be conventional (F. K. North, 1990). Exploratory: A well drilled to an unexplored depth or in unproven territory, either in search of a new pool of oil or gas or with the expectation of greatly extending the know

36、n limits of a field already partly developed (Glossary of Geology, 1997). 57Wildcat Well: A well drilled in search of a new accumulation of oil or gas is called wildcat well (F. K. North, 1990). An exploratory well drilled for oil or gas on a geologic feature not yet proven to be productive, or in a

37、n unproven territory, or to a zone that has never produced or is not known to be productive in the general area (Glossary of Geology, 1997). Derrick: A framework tower of steel (on a drill floor), erected over a deep drill hole, used to support the various tools and tackle employed in hoisting and l

38、owering the equipment used in drilling and completing the well (Glossary of Geology, 1997). 58Reserves: An estimate within specified accuracy limits of the valuable oil and gas of known accumulation that may be produced under current economic condition and with present technology. Exploration: The s

39、earch for new petroleum constitutes exploration (F. K. North, 1990). Development: The preparation of a mining property or area so that an orebody can be analyzed and its tonnage and quality estimated. Development is an intermediate stage between exploration and minning (Glossary of Geology, 1997). T

40、he process of recovering the reserves, by drilling wells within a field and operating them successfully, is called development. 59The relationship between exploration, reserves, resource and development The search for new sources of petroleum constitutes exploration. The sources discovered by succes

41、sful exploration become reserves, which are those portions of the total resource that have been shown to be accessible and recoverable under current economic and technologic conditions. Because no recovery technique can extract all the oil and gas from a field, the reserves of the field actually con

42、tains. The process of recovering the reserves, by drilling wells within a field and operating them successfully, is called development. 60Basic statistics(基本统计学) Geology is not one of the exact science, and geologists, like other natural scientists tend to be wary(谨慎) of numbers, which they do not a

43、lways understand. The petroleum industries employ a large number of scientists, spend enormous amounts of money, and supply the world with enormous volumes of products. Petroleum statistics have become commonplace in newspapers and other publications quite unconnected with the industry. Oil and gas

44、prices, OPEC production rate, pipeline costs and throughputs, national import figures, and so on have become routine topics for the information media. 61 All petroleum geologists should make themselves familiar with the fundamental statistics of their industry (and their science), in generalized ter

45、ms, because the numbers involved are so large and so critical that misquotation or misunderstanding of them has serious consequences. As we began the 1980s oil and gas supplied about 50 percent of the worlds energy; oil and gas between them supplied more than two-thirds. The volumes produced and con

46、sumed are therefore very large, but the units in which they are measured are relatively small. So the worlds billion, trillion, and even quadrillion are matters of routine conversation and communication in the oil and gas industries; figures of this order are both easily misunderstood and easily mis

47、quoted. 62 Quantities of oil have traditionally been expressed in barrels, because this unit of measure used in the USA. One barrel contains 42 US gallons, or 35 Imperial gallons. Many countries, including the UK, USSR and P. R. China, have expressed oil quantities in terms not of volume but of weig

48、ht: in either tons or tones (metric tons, of 1000kg). So the relation between a tonne and a barrel of oil is not constant; it depends on the relative density of the oil. One tonne of average world crude oil is equivalent to 7.33 US barrels, but for a heavy oil the conversion factor is 6.8 or less, a

49、nd for a very light oil it is 7.6 or more. Only a few Latin American countries have traditionally expressed oil output and reserves in cubic meters. 63 Quantities of natural gas have of course always been expressed in terms of volume; cubic feet in North American and many other countries; cubic mete

50、rs in most European counties. Now all jurisdictions and all organizations should use the metric measure. Because oil and gas are commonly produced in the same regions, in many cases by the same producing organizations, it is often necessary to express quantities of oil and gas in combination. The ex

51、pression is then in terms of oil equivalent, according to heat-producing capacity of the two fuels. On this basis, one barrel of average light oil is equivalent to 6000 or 6500 cubic feet of natural gas (1 m3 of light oil = 1000 - 1120 m3 of gas). 64The significance of lognormality It seems to be a

52、law of nature, though it has never been adequately explained, that size distribution of natural phenomena display a characteristic form of lopsidedness. The lopsided distributions are said to be lognormal, but they deviate in an important respect from true lognormality. A lognormal distribution is o

53、ne which becomes essentially normal if the logarithm of the size factor is plotted against the number of its representatives. The relation therefore becomes essentially linear if plotted on probability paper, on which the logarithm of size factor is plotted against the cumulative frequency of its oc

54、currence. 65About 95 percent of the worlds known, conventional oil occurs in only 50 basins. Between 70 and 75 percent occurs in only ten of them, and almost half of the total is nine are the Maracaibo, Ural-Volga, and West-Siberian, the Reforma-Campeche region of Mexico, the Gulf Coast and Permian

55、basins of the USA, the Sirte basin, the Niger delta, and the northern North Sea. If conventional gas is considered as well as oil, and converted to oil-equivalent at 1000 m3 of gas to 1 m3 of oil (6000 cf per barrel), calculations by Lytton Ivanhoe indicate that the top ten basins contain 68 percent

56、, and the top 25 basins 84 percent of the total known reserves.66For years, nine or ten fields have contributed 25 percent of the worlds annual production of oil. Whereas more than 100 fields had each produced more than 0.1109 m3 (about 625106 barrels), by the end of 1984, only nine had produced ten

57、 times this quantity. In order of output, they are Ghawar in Saudi Arabia, the Bolivar Coastal field in western Venezuela, Greater Burgan in Kuwait, Romashkino in the Ural-Volga Basin of the Soviet Union, Samotlor in Siberia, Kirkuk, Agha Jari, Abqaiq, and Safania-Khafji in four separate Middle East

58、 countries. 67Costs of finding and producing oil and gas Until the end of 1960s, the petroleum industrys concern about the costs of finding and producing their products was concentrated on drilling costs. These were quoted as costs per feet (or meter) of hole drilled, and the figures were of the ord

59、er US $30-50/m. These costs have escalated enormously since the early 1970s, for three elementary reasons. Unit costs of all operations have risen everywhere; exploratory wells are now drilled much deeper than formerly, and much deeper fields are exploited; finally, drilling and production have been

60、 extended into deep waters offshore and into other regions of operational difficulty in high latitudes. Deep drilling costs exceed $300/m and are commonly more than twice that amount. The total cost of drilling the worlds wells is now in the realm of $20109-50109 annually. 68Drilling wells , of caus