节肢动物门特点和作用要求

1、节肢动物门特点和作用要求11 Phylum ArthropodaClassification: Kingdom Animalia, Sub-kingdom Metazoa, Phylum ArthropodaA11Arthropoda n. 节肢动物门chitinous n. 壳质的，几丁质exoskeleton n. 外骨骼molt n. v. 脱皮,蜕crustacean n. 甲壳类millipide n. 马陆，倍足纲节肢动物centipede n. 蜈蚣arachnid n. 蜘蛛hemocoel n. 血腔11 Phylum ArthropodaClassification: Ki

2、ngdom Animalia, Sub-kingdom Metazoa, Phylum ArthropodaKey NotesFeatureType of organism: jointed-legged animals with chitinous exoskeletons. They periodically molt, and show a protostome development pattern. Examples include crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, insects and arachnids.Body plan: bilate

3、rally symmetrical, triploblastic coelomates. They have segmented bodies with two or three distinct parts, and jointed appendages on the segments. The main body cavity is a hemocoel.A11 节肢动物门分类：动物界，后生动物亚界，节肢动物门要点特征生物类型：有壳质的外骨骼，节肢动物。周期性地蜕皮，属于原口动物。如，甲壳类、马陆、蜈蚣、昆虫和蜘蛛。体型：两侧对称，三胚层，真体腔。体分节，明显地分成二部或三部分。在每体节上

4、连有附肢。主要的体腔是血腔。herbivore n. 草食动物predator n. 肉食动物be derived from 源自于invagination n. 内陷derive v. 起源lining n. 衬里, 内层Feeding: many are active predators, but they also include herbivores, fluid-feeders and parasites. They possess a complete gut with a mouth and anus.Locomotion: use of jointed limbs for wa

5、lking. Adult insects use wings for flight.Skeleton: chitinous exoskeleton which is periodically molted. Those internal structures which are derived from invaginations of the body wall have a chitinous lining (e.g. foregut, hindgut, tracheae).营养：许多是主要表现肉食的动物，但也包括一些草食的动物、流食的动物和寄生的动物。它们有口有肛门的完全消化管。运动：用

6、节肢来运动，成年昆虫用翅飞行。骨骼：壳质的外骨骼，周期性蜕皮。起源体壁内陷的内部结构（如，前肠、后肠和气管），具有几丁质。malpighian n. 马氏,马尔皮基(意大利生理学家)architecture n. 建筑,体系结构metamorphosis n. 变态Respiration and vascular system: specialized respiratory organs: gills or tracheae. The vascular system is open with a tubular, dorsal heart. Osmoregulation and excret

7、ion: discrete excretory organs including Malpighian tubules in insects.Co-ordination: the architecture of the nervous system is similar to that of Annelida.Reproduction: sexes are usually separate; metamorphosis is common.呼吸和循环系统：特有的呼吸器官：鳃和气管。循环系统是开放式的，有管状的、背部心脏。渗透调节和排泄：独立的排泄器官，包括昆虫的马氏管。调节：神经系统的结构体系

8、与环节动物相似。生殖：常常是雌雄异体，变态是普遍的。End14 Phylum Chordata Classification: Kingdom Animalia, Sub-kingdom Metazoa, Phylum Chordata无脊椎动物脊椎动物（sea-squirt）被囊动物囊=鞘amphioxus 文昌鱼A14metazoa n. 后生动物; Chordata 脊索动物门deuterostome n. 后口动物; protostome 原口动物embryonic a. 胚胎的sea-squirt n. 海鞘，squirt n. 喷水。 P163salp(a) n. 樽海鞘 P165

9、amphioxus n. 文昌鱼 P165amphibian n. 两栖动物reptile n. 爬行动物coelomat a. 有体腔的14 Phylum Chordata Classification: Kingdom Animalia, Sub-kingdom Metazoa, Phylum ChordataKey NotesFeatureType of organism: large and diverse phylum, mainly comprising vertebrates; marine, freshwater and terrestrial species. Several

10、 groups are capable of aerial flight. They show a deuterostome pattern of embryonic development. Examples include sea-squirts, salps, amphioxus, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.A14 脊索动物门分类：动物界，后生动物亚界，脊索动物门要点特征生物类型：数量大，变化多端的一个门，主要包括脊椎动物；海生，淡水生和陆生种类。有几个类群可以在空中飞行。在胚胎发育过程中显示为后口动物类型。如：包括海

11、鞘，樽海鞘的萨尔帕，文昌鱼，鱼类，两栖类，爬行类，鸟类和哺乳类。dorsal a. 背的，脊的 notochord n.脊索 P160pharyngeal a. 咽的Body plan: bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented coelomates. They possess, at some stage in their development, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal gill-slits and (usually) a post-anal tail

12、. There are segmented muscles in the body.体型：两侧对称，三胚层，分节有体腔（动物）。在某个发育阶段，背部有神经管，脊索和咽鳃裂，通常有肛后尾。机体上有分节的肌肉。2014invertebrate n. 无脊椎动物, 无脊椎的chordate n. 脊索动物endostyle n. 内柱（见专业书 P163）tryroid n. 甲状腺limb n. 肢,翅 fin n. 鳍 Feeding: invertebrate chordates filter-feed. Most vertebrates are macrophagous feeders us

13、ing toothed jaws. The gut is complete, with a mouth and anus. The invertebrate chordate pharyngeal endostyle is the homolog of the vertebrate thyroid gland.Locomotion: mostly active swimmers; segmental muscles act against an antitelescopic notochord or vertebral column; stabilizing and controlling p

14、aired fins in fishes evolve into paired limbs of land vertebrates (sometimes further adapted for flight).营养：无脊椎的脊索动物是滤食营养。大多数脊椎动物是用颌齿食用大颗粒的食物。有口有肛门为完全消化管。无脊椎的脊索动物咽部内柱与脊椎动物的甲状腺同源器官。运动：大多数能够游泳；凭借有弹性的脊索或脊柱，分节的肌肉得以运动；固定并可动的成对鱼鳍进化为陆生椎动物的成对附肢（有些更进一步适于飞行）。endoskeleton n. 内骨骼cartilage n. 软骨intersegmental a.

15、 分节的，节间的vertebran. 脊椎(骨)vertebrae (复数)vascular a. 脉管的ventral a. 腹的Skeleton: they possess an endoskeleton of cartilage, or bone. The characteristic notochord is replaced by intersegmental vertebrae in vertebrates. Respiration and vascular system: aquatic breathers use pharyngeal gill-slits with gills

16、; terrestrial forms respire using lungs. Usually a closed, high-pressure vascular system with a ventral heart.骨骼：它们拥有由软骨和硬骨组成的内骨骼。有特征性的脊索被脊椎动物分节的椎骨所代替。呼吸和循环：水生生物呼吸用有鳃的咽鳃裂进行的。陆生种类是用肺呼吸。通常在腹部有心脏，具有封闭的，高压的循环系统。discrete a. 独立的，不连续的excretory n. 排泄solenocyte n. 焰细胞,管细胞kidney n 肾脏diagnostic a. n. 诊断，确定uroc

17、hordate a. 尾索的,有尾索的Urochordata n 尾索动物Cephalochordata n 头索动物Craniata n 脊椎动物 vertebrate Osmoregulation and excretion: invertebrate chordates are without discrete excretory organs or have solenocytes; vertebrates possess segmental or nonsegmental kidneys.Co-ordination: hollow dorsal nerve cord diagnostic of the phylum; the anterior part expands in vertebrates to form the brain.Reproduction: sexual reproduction normal, although asexual budding