交大考研英语复习资料

1、袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀

2、蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄

3、薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈

4、螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃

5、薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇

6、袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁

7、蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅

8、羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂

9、螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇

10、薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁

11、袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅

12、蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿

13、袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄

14、螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁

15、薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅

16、袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿

17、蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃

18、袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈

19、螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂

20、薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆

21、螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃

22、虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈

23、袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂薄袈膇薈袃羇艿莀蝿羆莂薆蚅羆肁荿蚁羅芄蚄薇羄莆蒇袆羃肆蚂螂羂膈蒅蚈羁芀蚁薄肀莃蒃袂肀肂芆螈聿芅蒂

24、螄肈莇莅蚀肇肇薀薆肆腿莃袅肅芁薈螁肅莃莁蚇膄肃薇薃膃膅荿袁膂莈薅袇膁蒀蒈螃膀膀蚃虿螇节蒆薅螆莄蚂袄螅肄蒄螀袄膆蚀蚆袃艿蒃薂袂蒁芅羀袂膁薁袆袁芃莄螂袀莅蕿蚈衿肅莂 Grammar动词时态和语态1.一般现在时一般现在时表示格言、科学事实或客观真理等，用在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中表示将来时间。常见引导词有：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/instant/ minute, the day,条件： if, unless, provided, when.用在表示“务必做到”等含义的see (to it), make su

25、re, make certain等结构的that 从句中。2. 现在进行时表示一个在最近计划或安排要进行的动作，仅限于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, play, have, wear 等动词。与always, forever, continually, constantly等词连用，可表示重复的动作，往往带有说话人的感情色彩，表示不满。若用在be being + adj.句式中则表示该特征不是主语往常具备的，是一时的表现。不能用于进行时的动词表示感知的动词：hear, see, taste, smell, f

26、eel, notice, recognize表示意愿，情感的动词：like, love, adore, prefer, care, dislike, hate, fear, want, desire, refuse, wish, hope, forgive, respect, intend, despise表示思考等精神活动的动词：feel, believe, understand, perceive, suppose, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, forget, appreciate表示所有，占

27、用的动词：belong to, own, include, owe, possess, hold（容纳）,contain, consist of其他动词：appear, seem, cost, concern, deserve, matter, exist, resemble, need, differ, represent, result(导致), lie（位于）, stand（位于）, remain等3. 现在完成体在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never 等副词做状语时，常用现在完成体；动作发生在过去，持续到现在才完成或有可能继续下去，通常与fo

28、r和since连接的时间状语连用；如果主语是一般将来时，由as soon as, after, before, till/until, when, if等引出的状语从句常用现在完成体表示将来完成的动作，在下面这些表达方式后常用现在完成体：This (That/It) is the first (second/third, etc.)/ This (That/ It) is the only / This（That/It）is the best (finest/worst/ most interesting etc.)/ is said/ reported/known to(若表达过去发生的事情

29、)4. 现在完成进行体表示动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在，可能刚刚停止或现在进行，强调动作延续的长久。过去完成进行体表示动作从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到过去另一时刻，那时动作可能刚完成也可能仍在进行。将来完成时表示将来某时刻完成的动作，一般连接由by the time, by the end of ，when 等引出的时间状语。将来完成进行时表示一个持续到将来某一时间的动作，那时可能还要进行下去。5. 将来时will/shall 泛指将来，但will还可以表示一种必然趋势或固有特性；be going to 指人时着重于打算，指事时表示有迹象要发生的情况；be to do表示按计划、安

30、排将要发生的动作,人们的意志能控制的；be about to 表示即将发生的动作，或自然发展即将产生的结果。Its going to rain.We are to meet at the station at 5.6.将来进行时shall/will be doing 表示将来某个时候正在进行的动作。此外，将来进行时还可以表示某种可能和推测，有“我料想，我估计”之意。She will not be coming here today.被动语态当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用被动语态；如果宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，在被动语态中，主语补足语的不定式必须带to,在want，need, desir

31、e, require和形容词worth+doing后动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。虚拟语气1. 虚拟式用于非真实条件句时的构成1) 与现在事实相反, 从句谓语动词用动词过去式（be为were）， 主句谓语动词用Would (should, could, might)动词原形2) 与过去事实相反, 从句谓语动词用动词的过去完成式(had done)， 主句谓语动词用Would(should，could ,might)+have+动词过去分词3） 与将来事实相反， 从句谓语动词用 a.动词过去式（be为were）， b. were不定式 c. should动词原形，主句谓语动词用 would (s

32、hould，could, might)动词原形例句： If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful.If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.2. 混合虚拟式If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be we

33、t now.If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.Were I you, I woudnt have missed the film last night.3. 有些句子从表层结构上看无if引导的非真实条件句， 但从深层意思上看是存在的。主句动词仍需用虚拟式。 Without, but for, otherwise, but that,But for your help, they couldnt have succeeded.She wasnt feeling well. Otherwise she wouldnt

34、have left the meeting so early.4. 用于其他句式的虚拟式A名词性从句中若含有表示“命令、建议、请求、意愿、主张、目的“等意义的词时，需使用虚拟语气，通常用（should） +动词原形的形式。分类动词表示命令Order, command, demand, ask表示请求Ask, request, require, instruct, 表示建议Suggest, advise, propose, recommend表示希望、决定、安排等Desire, insist, assume, decide, arrange分类名词表示命令Order, command, dema

35、nd, instruction表示请求Request, requirement表示建议Suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion表示希望、遗憾等Desire, assumption, necessity, insistence, understanding, instruction, resolution, shame, pityThe suggestion that we should wait for The suggestion is that we should wait for.分类形容词和过去分词（通常用 “it be+

36、形容词/过去分词+ that”句型表示命令Imperative, obligatory, commanded, ordered表示请求Asked, requested, required, desired表示建议Advisable, recommended表示希望、重要、惊异、失望等Desirable, insistent, important, necessary, essential, vital, urgent, appropriate, proper, right, good, better, preferable, strange, incredible, amazing, asto

37、nishing, surprised, adamant(坚定不移的), decided, arranged例句： The suggestion is that the book (should) be finished before this Sunday.He put forward the suggestion that the book (should) be finished before this Sunday.It is necessary that the book (should) be finished before this Sunday.Note: 在”It is ama

38、zing/ surprising/odd/strange/not good/wrong/incredible/inconceivable/a pity/a shame + that”结构中的从句要用should虚拟形式，且should不可以省略，表示说话人惊异、失望、懊悔等情感。Its not good that the children in this primary school should be given so much homework to do.It is amazing that he should have learnt such a long essay by heart

39、 in such a short time.B由wish引导的从句需要用虚拟，表示对现在的虚拟，用过去时(did,were),对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时(had done),表示对将来的虚拟，用“would+动词原形”。C由had hoped/thought引导的宾语从句表示未实现的愿望或令人失望的事时，从句中的谓语动词要用 “would+动词原形”的形式。His father had hoped/thought that his son would follow his footsteps and become an artist.D在would rather, had rather, wo

40、uld sooner,和 would prefer 引导的从句中要用虚拟语气，即用过去时表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况、希望或委婉的责备。E. Its (high, about) time that，谓语只用过去时。Its time for us to doF. if only引导的从句表示没有实现的愿望或遗憾，需要使用虚拟语气。通常用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。If only I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.If only I had known it earlier and

41、I could have stopped it.H. but for 要不是,But for water and air, nothing could live in the world.But for his fathers encouragement, he wouldnt have won the first prize.J. for fear that, in order that, so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词通常用”should/might/could+动词原形“的虚拟语气。He tiptoed for fear that he might disturb his

42、father.K. lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词通常用 “(should)+动词原形“的形式。主谓一致1. 单复数同形的名词作主语如sheep, deer, headquarters, means, species, works等集体名词做主语集体名词如audience, army, board, class, family, cattle, people, poultry, committee, couple, crew, jury, public, government等根据意义一致判断；作复数的集体名词如police, people, cattle, militia, 等通常作

43、复数；通常作不可数名词的集体名词如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise2. 表示学科或疾病的名词作主语,谓语动词用单数electronics, physics, diabetes, optics等3. and 连接两个并列名词作主语and 连接两个或两个以上单数名词做主语，指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词必须用单数。判断标志为：并列的单数名词公用一个限定词。That singer and dancer _ our evening party.A. are to attendB. is to attendC. wer

44、e to attendD. have attended4. trousers, shoes, glasses, socks, stockings, scissors单独作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它们与a pair of或pairs of连用时，谓语动词与pair的数保持一致。如：The pair of glasses fits you well.Several pairs of new shoes have been sent to the old men. 5当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, but, except, besides, as well a

45、s等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数按主语单、复数而定。如：Mr Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday. The boss, rather than his employees, is to blame.6.表示时间、距离、度量、价值的复数名词作主语时，被视作一整体，谓语动词用单数形式。Six miles is too far for an old man to walk. Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.7. 表示书名、报名、剧名、

46、国名等的名词或词组作主语时，如只指一种，一个或一本，不论它形式上是单数还是复数，谓语动词只用单数形式。The New York Times is not available here.The United States was founded in 1776.强调句1. 强调谓语以强调谓语的形式出现的强调句，谓语动词要能用两种时态：一般现在时的谓语动词，用助动词does或do 动词原形，如果谓语动词是一般过去时，就用助动词did动词原形。表示“务必”，“一定”等意思。例如：Tomorrow is my birthday. Please do come.You did say that yest

47、erday.2. 强调谓语以外的其他成分要用强调句型其基本结构为：It + be+ 被强调部分that句子其余部分a. 强调句型中，能够被强调的句子成分通常为主语、状语、宾语等，不能用来强调谓语动词、表语、补语、让步状语、条件状语等。 例如 It was in the park that I mat my old teacher yesterday. (强调地点状语) It is Mr. Smith that thinks Tom is a clever boy. （强调主语）It was yesterday that Mr. Li made an important speech in th

48、e club.(强调时间状语)b 强调句型中，连接词一般用that，如被强调的部分是人，也可用who/whom，其他一律用that，不能用which, where, when等，即使被强调的是物、时间状语或地点状语。 例如 It was at the gate that we met the inspectors this morning. It is our head-teacher that/ who/whom we often turn to for help. c 强调结构中，无论被强调的是人还是物，单数还是复数，be动词一律用单数is/was形式，如果原句的谓语动词是一般过去时，就用

49、was; 是一般现在时，就用is。也可以用情态动词be形式。 例如 It was the farmers that lived a hard life before liberation. It might be yesterday that John bought a book for Mary. d. 强调句型也有疑问句形式，包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。一般疑问句的强调形式，只需将is/ was 提前，移至句首即可，即：Is/ Was it that 。特殊疑问句的强调形式，须将陈述句变成一般疑问句，再在句首加上疑问词，即：疑问词（被强调部分）is/was + it + tha

50、t + 句子其余部分。 例如 Was it last year that the building was completed？ Where was it that you met your English teacher？ It was the day before yesterday that you lost the money, wasnt it？ e. not until结构在强调句型中的运用：until引导的时间状语从句，也可以用在强调句型中，但主要是其否定形式，如用在强调句型中，必须将not前移，写成It is/was not until that 。 例如 It was not

51、 until the class began that he came in. It was not until last Friday that he finished reading the book. f. 当强调的是主语时，其谓语动词应和被强调的人和物保持人称、数的一致。如果被强调的主语是人称代词，宜用主格，间或也可用宾格。 例如 It is I who am going to attend the meeting. It was I/me who cleaned the classroom. 强调句型最容易与定语从句、主语从句和状语从句一起考查，应是学习和复习的重点。一般说来，如果把

52、句子中的It is/ was that去掉，稍加调整语序，能还原成完整句子，并且句子意思依然完整，则为强调句型；否则，应为其他句式。 例如 It was a small house that I used to live in. (定语从句) It was at the school gate that I met an old friend of mine.（强调句型）倒装具有否定意义的词或短语出现句首且不修饰主语时，句子一般部分倒装: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstan

53、ces, in no way, at no time, no soonerthan, hardlywhen, not only but also。注意，如果放在句首的否定词修饰句子的主语时，则不用倒装结构。例如： Not only was he a poet, but also a singer.Not a single word was said.句首only +状语，部分倒装。Only when/Only then did I realize that I was wrong.句首 so (such) that部分倒装。即当”so (such)that”结构中的so 或such 位于句首加

54、强语气时，应使用部分倒装。To such a degree/ an extent等介词短语位于句首时，也应使用部分倒装。so, often, only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时有些让步状语从句可以用as 或 though等倒装结构表示，其结构通常为 “形容词/副词/动词/分词/名词+ as /though +主语+谓语”，强调的部分是形容词、副词、动词、分词或名词等， 主语和谓语的顺序没有颠倒。如：Young as/though she is, she can do good cooking.Much as/though he likes her,情态动词情态动词的完成时表示推测已经发生

55、的情况表示对已经发生的情况作语气肯定的推测must have donecant /couldnt have donemay/ might have done表示虚拟语气。Neednt have doneShould have doneShouldnt have doneOught to have doneCould have doneMay/ might have doneshall的特殊用法：在法律、条约、协定、条例等中表示义务与规定。will的特殊用法：表示习惯或趋向、推测、命令或强迫、意愿，还有难免之意。如： Nobody is allowed to be absent and all

56、will be here before 7 oclock.She wont talk to me any more.Accident will happen.4Should可用在某些特定的状语从句中表示虚拟；还可表示惊讶、惋惜、失望、懊悔、欢欣等情绪，是带有“感情色彩”的特殊情态动词。5. 情态动词常考句型may /might (just) as well do不妨，最好cannottoo; cannot/ can scarcely over-(前缀为over的词)无论,也不过分从属分句(从句)要点1.概念 从属分句和复合句息息相关，密不可分。复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从属分句构成，也

57、就是说，从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分。要点2.分类 以语法功能作为分类标准，从属分句可分为状语分句、定语从句和名词性分句。其中状语分句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式状语从句；名词性分句又可分为宾语从句、同位语从句等。要点3 考点：状语分句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和状语从句上； 定语从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；名词性分句的考点集中在宾语从句及同位语从句。状语从句条件状语从句： 通常由以下连词及分词引导：IfUnlessAs long asSo long asOn condition thatIn the ev

58、ent thatProvided/ providingGiven thatSuppose/ supposing thatAssuming thatSay 特别提醒：几种不常用的条件状语从句：In the event that she can not arrive on time, we will go first.Suppose it snowed, we would still go,Say what he said were true, what would you do about it?2). 让步状语从句，其主要引导词有：Though/althoughEven if/even tho

59、ughNo matter+疑问词疑问词+everIn spite of the fact thatwhileMuch asFor all thatAs/thoughGranted/ granting (that)a. 几种不常用的让步状语从句：In spite of the fact that he was deaf and dumb, he had a genius for music.While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.Much as she needed the job, she had

60、to refuse.For all （that） there were a lot of difficulties, he finally entered the final competition and won the first prize.Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.b. 用了although或though，就一定不能在后面的从句同时用 but, 但是though 可以和yet 连用。c. no matter+疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，可用疑问词+ever来引导主语从句和宾语从