宏观经济学MBA教程ppt课件

1、二、宏观经济计量与核算 MEASURING A NATIONS INCOME. The Circular Flow Households GovernmentFirms Markets for Factorof Production Financial MarketsMarkets for Goods and Services Foreign CountryFirm RevenueIncomeFactor PaymentsPrivate SavingTaxesGovernment DeficitConsumptionGovernment PurchasesInvestmentImportExp

2、ortInternational Capital Flow.Richard Stone(理查德斯通)1984年获诺贝尔经济学奖。二战期间，完成白皮书。时任英国财政部顾问的凯恩斯打动地说：“我们在一个经过统计的高兴时代中。1945年任剑桥大学新成立的运用经济学系的第一任主任。1950年，受结合国统计委员会委托，出版SNA，1968年修订后正式出版。1975年出版SSDS, Towards a system of social and demographic statistics 。.Wassily Leontief(沃西里里昂惕夫)1973年获诺贝尔经济学奖。1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年

3、任中国铁道部顾问，1931年进入美国国民经济研讨局NBER，1946年哈佛大学经济学教授。1941年出版，第一次用投入产出法进展经济构造分析。1966年出版。. 国民收入帐户 投入产出表 资金循环表 国际收支表 国民资产负债表国民帐户体系A SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS.Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.It is the total market value of all final goods and services pro

4、duced within a country in a given time period.Gross Domestic Product.Important Features of GDPOutput is valued at market prices.It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible serv

5、ices (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits). .Important Features of GDPIt includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.Important Features of GDPIt measures the v

6、alue of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months). .What Is Counted in GDP?GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets.What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at

7、home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.Gross National ProductGross national product (GNP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by a nations permanent residents, regardl

8、ess of where they are.Three Other Measures of IncomeNet National Product (NNP)Personal IncomeDisposable Personal Income.Net National Product (NNP)The total income of the residents of a nation after subtracting losses from depreciation.Personal IncomeThe income that households and noncorporate busine

9、sses receive. .Disposable Personal IncomeThe income that household and noncorporate businesses have left after satisfying their obligations to the government.Gross National ProductFrom Statistical Abstract of the United States.GNP National and Per Capita IncomeFrom Statistical Abstract of the United

10、 States.National IncomeFrom Statistical Abstract of the United States.The Four Components of GDPGDP (Y ) is the sum of the following: Consumption (C) Investment (I) Government Purchases (G) Net Exports (NX)Y = C + I + G + NX.The Four Components of GDP Consumption (C): The spending by households on g

11、oods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.Investment (I): The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.The Four Components of GDPGovernment Purchases (G): The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Doe

12、s not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.Net Exports (NX): Exports minus imports.Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000.Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000Consumption 69 %.Investment15%Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000Consumption 68 %.Consumption 68 %Gove

13、rnment Purchases19%Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000Investment15%.Net Exports -1 %Breakdown of U.S. GDP: 2000Consumption 68 %Investment15%Government Purchases19%.Real versus Nominal GDPNominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices.Real GDP values the production of goods and ser

14、vices at constant prices. .Real versus Nominal GDPAn accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.价钱指数(Price Index)拉斯佩雷斯(Laspeyres)指数：帕斯卡(Pascke)指数：.GDP DeflatorThe GDP deflator measures the current level of prices relative to the level of prices in t

15、he base year.It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced. .GDP DeflatorThe GDP deflator is calculated as follows:.GDP DeflatorThe GDP deflator is calculated as follows:.Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDPNominal GDP is con

16、verted to real GDP as follows:.Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDPNominal GDP is converted to real GDP as follows:.Consumer Price IndexThe consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. It is used to monitor changes in the cost of l

17、iving over time.It reports the movement of prices using an index number. .Consumer Price IndexWhen the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain the same standard of living.The Consumer Price Index versus the GDP DeflatorEconomists and policymakers use both the GDP deflator

18、 and the consumer price index to gauge how quickly prices are rising.There are important differences between the two.The Consumer Price Index versus the GDP DeflatorThe CPI . . . . . includes only consumer goods. . . includes imports. . . is measured using a fixed basket of goods and services.The Co

19、nsumer Price Index versus the GDP DeflatorThe GDP Price Deflator . . . . . includes all goods and services produced domestically. . . excludes imports. . . is measured using currently produced goods and services.GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average person in the economy.GDP and Economic Well-BeingHigher GDP per person indicates a higher