英语考研真题阅读详解

1、阅读（一）自2002年起，阅读理解考察内容为三节A节（20题）：无明显变动。主要考察考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概括性要义、进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的语义等能力。四篇文章（总长度1600字），从四个选项中选出最佳答案B节（5题）：新增题型。主要考察考生对连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解备选题型有三种：一篇总长度500600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有67段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这67段文字中分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段一篇总长度500600词的文章中，各段落的顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落（78个）重新排序其中有23个段落在文章

2、中的位置已给出一篇总长度500词的文章前或后有67段文字或67个小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括，阐述或举例。要求选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章空白处C节（5题）：翻译本课主要讲阅读理解A节1内容：4篇文章，400字/篇，上下10字浮动。内容涉及社会学科，自然学科和人文学科。社会学科包括社会学、人类学、心理学、教育、经济、管理、金融、法律的等领域；自然学科包括普通物理、化学、生物、工程、计算机、医学、农业等领域；人文学科包括哲学、历史、文学、语言、新闻、艺术等领域。2文体：议论文：写作特点：（1）写作目的是陈述观点或表明态度；（2）文章围绕一个中心展开，各个段落之间关

3、系紧密，无论是正面还是反面论述，都从不同的角度和侧面阐释这一中心；（3）每一段也是围绕一个中心，段落内部句子之间关系紧密说明文：大部分是新闻报道。特点以事实为主，观点为辅。对于此类文章，细节题目较多，着重把握细节真伪和作者态度。议论文为主，说明文为辅。被选取的文章都是议论性的、评论性的、报道性的、和分析论证性的文章。很少有纯抒发感情、抽象思维为主的阅读材料。这同攻读硕士学位研究生要面对大量概括性强、抽象思维为主的阅读材料想吻合。说明文10%，议论文90%阅读材料主要来源：社会生活和文化教育：Newsweek（新闻周刊）; Time（时代周刊）; The Washington Post（华盛顿邮

4、报）; USA today（今日美国）; The Times（泰晤士报）; The Guardian（卫报）; （美国新闻在线）。科普类文章：National Geographic (国家地理杂志); Scientific American（科学美国人）; Science（科学杂志）; New Scientists（新科学家）; Discovery（探索杂志）; Nature（自然）商业经济类文章：Business Week（商业周刊）; The Economist（经济学家杂志）; Wall Street Journal（华尔街杂志）3.新大纲对考研阅读理解的要求：1) 理解主旨要义 2).

5、理解文中的具体信息3).理解文中的概念性含义4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申5）根据上下文推测生词的词义6）理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系7）理解作者的意图、观点和态度8）区分论点和论据读不懂，因为文化背景制约价值观不同：西方：个人英雄主义；中国：集体主义观点：标新立异自我中心中西差别：中：意合；西：形合。西方：讲究章法。行文习惯，每篇文章有一个主题，有固定的逻辑思维。词与词，句与句，段与段有搭配。因此，文章逻辑思维，篇章结构：提观点，论证观点；得出结论。因此，中心提出方式：词汇：基础词：mean(平均，尖酸刻薄); need（贫穷，贫困）; pool（v 汇集，集中） 核心词：abr

6、upt （鲁莽的）；collide（碰撞，冲突） 超纲词： 近义词辨析：compare vs contrast; risky; challenging; outrage vs grievance (愤怒) 抓住作者情感立场：ignore: pay no attention to Neglected: dont take care of 长难句：A习语格言e.g.: It never rains, but pours. (事态严重：祸不单行：褒义：不鸣则已，一鸣惊人)faith will move mountains. (text3)One reap what he sowsPractice m

7、akes perfectLike father, like son. (真题)B虚假长难句e.g. :Although warning are often appropriate ., it isnt clear that.Although 让步状语从句，不重要。C.真正长难句Behaviorists suggests that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will exper

8、ience greater intellectual development. (行为学家表明，在一个充满刺激环境长大的孩子，并且这种刺激可以恰当的发展他的适应能力，这样的孩子会有更好的智力发展。)（二）行文习惯：逻辑思维：篇章结构；得出结论。基础阅读训练，句与句之间的关联；连贯句与句衔接特征：继续前进型：（同向）：and, in other words, more, moreover, more than that, furthermore, also, likewise, equally important, another ,first, second, in addition, as

9、a result, concluding, hence, in conclusion, to sum up, therefore转完型：（反向）but, yet, however, while, whereas, nevertheless, otherwise, although, though, despite, instead, in spite of, on the contrary, notwithstanding, rather, in contrast.(考研：1.基础阶段：熟悉各类文章题材；精读文章的能力：读懂，读透；提高阅读能力；3月-6月都为基础阶段；2.强化阶段（7月-10

10、月）：研读历年真题，解题能力，解题方法；2002-2012真题；3.冲刺阶段：实战模拟考试能力；解题准确率，和速度问题。（11月到考试前）4.题型：主旨10%；词义：5%；态度10%；推理35%；事实细节：40%考察能力：宏观理解+微观理解 （细节信息，抽象语句）（1）主旨题：测试考生阅读材料的主旨和大意的能力。有如下提问方式：What is the main topic of the passage?What is the main idea of the passage?What does the passage mainly deal with?What does the passage

11、 talk about?What is the subject of the passage?The passage is mainly about.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?What is the most appropriate title of the passage?A good title for this short passage would be.The title below that best expresses the idea of this passage is.(2) 细节

12、题文章除了要有中心思想，还要有具体的细节来阐明、发展或分析文章主题。阅读短文后的问题一般以短文中的事实、信息和细节提问的题为主，占50%。主要考察掌握细节的能力，常见提问形式：Which of the following the passage mentions as a major advantage of.?Who objects to .According to the passage, form where e?In what year did.?The passage states thatWhich of the following is NOT mentioned as a fa

13、ct?According to the passage, what percentage of ?The writer mentions all of the items listed below EXCEEPTWhich of the following is probably NOT considered as .?Which of the following is true according to the passage?(3)语义题根据上下文半段大纲附表之外的某些词汇和短语的意义。语义题的词汇意义大多与文章内容有关，与整篇文章的语言环境有密切联系。常见的命题方式：The word /

14、 expression .(in line.) most probably means.The author used the word to indicate.According to the passage, what is .From the passage, we can infer that the phrase. Means.By ., the writer probably means.The word “it” (in line) most probably refers to.要把握词与词，句语句的语义关系，还要考虑短语段之间的语义关系。（4）推断题测试推理判断和引申的能力，

15、难度较大推理题根据全文或部分细节，注入人或事物的特征、事发原因、行为目的等因素推断出字里行间的隐含意义，领会作者的言外之意What can be inferred from the passage?Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?The author implies that.The passage suggests that.It is most like that结论题对整篇文章或文章段落的整体概念，趋势做出总结、猜测和推断From the passage, we can draw the conclusion

16、 thatWhat was probably the conclusion for./What can be concluded from the passage?It can be concluded from the passage that.评价题根据文章内容，作者的写作方法和遣词造句，对作者或作品做出评价；诸如作者对某一问题的态度、情绪以及作品的风格等According to the passage, what is the authors attitude to.?What is the tone of the passage?How does the author feel abo

17、ut?According to the passage, the authors view of .is.The author expresses .5.阅读方法：如何避免在选项之间纠结？我们多懂一点原理，少一点技巧。即我们的策略每篇阅读有两部分构成，一文章，400字左右，上下浮动10个字，来源上述，替换超纲词之后形成；另一部分题目，每个题与后面的答案构成一问一答每篇文章后一问四答，答案都与文章有一致性，问题与答案是文章的复述，文章的镜像，与文章是一致的。那么，我们的选项与文章哪些部分会构成一致，即是我们的答案。 所以，在阅读一篇文章时，要做到以下6大标准A. 主题一致性B. 情感一致性C.

18、人物一致性D. 主次一致性E. 因果一致性F. 取舍一致性A. 主题一致性: 最强音符，旋律复现 主题会在文章中反复出现 近义复现 反义复现 同根复现 互译复现e.g.: 2006Test 1； 21题1.主题反复：Absorb, assimilate, digest, A对B的同化吸收作用，比如本文assimilative; homogenizing; uniformity;Accomplish, achieve, complete, fulfill, realize突现某人成就Aggression, attack, invasion, offense, assaultBegin, comm

19、ence, launch, start .Danger, hazard, risk, ventureDuty, obligation, responsibility 词义题推测办法：系动词 （to）be , mean, be defined as, refer to, be known as等提供生词的确切含义，如Drugs that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substance. 通过be known as,我们可猜出

20、psychoactive为“对神经有明显作用的”。副词短语similar, that is , that is to say, in other words等引出的句子有时重复前面生词的含义Mary felt perturbed, that is, she was greatly disturbed by her sisters action. 在that is之后重述中，perturbed与 disturbed同意，“不安的，扰乱的”同位语有时以or为连接词引导给出生词的确切意义The harbor is protected by a jetty or a wall built into t

21、he water.同位语部分给出了jetty的含义，即“防波堤”若没有同位语，有时生词后的句子给出了该词的意义，如While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and t

22、o whom. The phrase “ring up sales” most probably means;Amake an order of goodsBrecord sales on a cash registerCcall the sales managerD keep track of the goods in stock.根据全局的意思，“电子现金出纳机可以做许多事情，而不仅仅限于ring up sales.。接着一句说明现金出纳机用来“记录”东西的一种机器，它们能更记录更广泛的东西，其中包括出售某物，何时出售，出售给谁。可猜出ring up sales.指一般现金出纳机的记录销售

23、额标点符号，如分号，破折号，逗号，冒号，引号和括号等，也是猜词重要技巧We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable; coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerve.Pervasive为普遍性，后面举了四种情况，用以说明其普遍性生词后的定语从句，或者是上下文中所举的例子也

24、可以解释说明生词意义。引导举例短语for example, for instance, such as, like , as等The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Oncogenes为致癌基因。定语从句解释了该词的含义一些副词词组，如however, on the other hand, instead, rather tha

25、t, unlike, yet ,but等词提供相反的信息，由此确定生词的含义Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges

26、 are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability. The word “liability” most probably meansA disadvantage B. instability C. misfortune D. burden本段作者先是论述beauty给人类带来的好处，然后用了but，表明最后一句与前面所表述内容相反，因此为“不利之处”，选AB. 情感一致性：抛开表象，体会褒贬 e.g.: 2009. T1; 21题修饰论据的adj. a

27、ccurate, correct, exact, precise, true, authentic, genuine, adequate, sufficient, believable, convincing, plausible, credible, （+）作者感受的adj. afraid, frightened, scared, fearful, angry, furious, indignant, ashamed, （-）修饰论据的Adj. absurd, silly, foolish, ridiculous, （-）v. accuse, blame, charge, denounce,

28、 criticize, bother, disturb, （-）v. acknowledge, admit, concede, confess, .n. benefit, advantage, gainsC. 人物一致性：按图索骥，寻求论点找到人，找到人物观点，下面这些词可提示：n. Advice, suggestion, proposal, idea, notion, assertion, 同位语之后的从句即此人观点e.g. sb come to the suggestion / assertion that sb cling to the idea that.(某人抓住。观点不放。)n.

29、assumption, guess, anticipation, expectation这些词之后的观点表示并未被证实，也可能作为反面证据，需要后文继续理解。v. Announce, declare, proclaim, argue, clarify, explain, discover, indicate, hint, suggest, .这些词之后跟宾语从句，为说话者观点v. anticipate, expect, foresee文章中通常会提到三类观点，大众观点；作者引用某评论者观点；作者观点。表示通常：often, usually, traditionally, frequently,

30、 it is universally accepted that 后通常为大众观点，也是被作者否认的观点评论者观点，通常为引用，目的指出大众观点错误作者观点，为文章中心思想，对上述两种观点进行评论，提出自己的观点e.g.: 2007 T1; 24题观点重申的标志词：simply put it,. In other words, State it in another way, . That it D. 主次一致性：主次清晰，主次分明做语篇论点的题目，关键是识别论点，论据。此时例证是为证明论点。表示论点，（1）具有概括性：通常为抽象的，指代总结指代总结：These changes, this t

31、rend, such tendency, all these phenomena, the troubles mentioned above （2）语气强烈震惊：surprising, astonishing, amazing, alarming, shocking, startling, .，后面暗示作者的总结强烈肯定：evidently, .It is more obvious thatNothing else can be more .than.It is implicit that .显而易见。强烈否定：never.By no means.最高 级：the most， the best后面表明作者态度情态动词：mu