动词的时和体研究

1、动词的时和体研究Tense and Aspect (I)Key Points: Uses of simple present;2. Uses of simple past;3. Uses of present progressive;4. Uses of past progressive.Brief Introduction英语动词有两种时（一般现在时，一般过去时），六种体（现在进行体，过去进行体，现在完成体，过去完成体，现在完成进行体，过去完成进行体），两种态（主动态，被动态），三种式（陈述式，祈使式，虚拟式）I. Uses of Simple Present1. 表不受时限的客观存在，包括

2、客观真理、 格言事实等2. 表现在习惯动作，现在习惯性经常性发生 的动作，常与频度副词连用( always, hardly ever= almost never) 我们常10点钟上床睡觉. We are usually in bed by 10.3. 表现时状态和现在瞬间动作，只适用于 静态动词或表示短暂动作的动态动词动态动词: 表运动状态的动词 jump, hit, open, close （表短暂动作）静态动词：表相对静止状态的动词 如be动词，表感觉的动词 feel, 表心理状态的动词think( 表示的意义具有持续性)4. 表将来时间 （三种句型）1）I hope/ I bet + t

3、hat 分句中, 可用一般现在时表将来 I hope he likes my gift. (will like) I bet it rains tomorrow. (will rain)2）see ( to it)/ make sure/ make certain + that 分句中 I ll see that nobody disturbs you ( will disturb).3）if/ when 引导的条件分句或时间分句中 注：1）和2）中的分句可换成将来时，3）不能5. 表过去时间 I hear you have got a part-time job. = I heard you

4、 got/ had got a part-time job. 能用一般现在时表示过去时间的动词: tell, say, hear, learn, gather（了解，推测，得知） 等或称作：历史性现在时 (Historic Present)II Uses of Simple Past1. 表过去时间 We had a meeting yesterday afternoon. 一般过去时表示的时间与现在不发生关系， 已成为过去/不复存在，比较： I studied in Canada for 7 years. ( 现已不在加拿大) I have studied in Canada for 7 y

5、ears. （可能在加拿大也可能在别地）2. 表现在时间和将来时间1）I wondered if you could help me. ( want, wonder, think, hope) 表现在时间，相当于I wonder, 区别在前者表婉转语气。2）表与现在事实相反的主观设想或对将来的主观设想，不能换为一般现在时We are really tired. Its time we had a rest. If I had money, I d buy a big house. Id rather you went now. ( wish) Exercise 11BPut the verbs

6、 in brackets into the simple present or the simple past:Ill make sure that everything _ (be) in order.2. I hope (that) I _ (see) you there.3. See that you _ (be) ready at 8 oclock.4. Im getting tired - its time we _ (go) home.5. Id rather you _ (buy) a car.issee / will seearewentbought6. I feel as i

7、f my head _ (be) on fire.7. Isnt it about time you _ (set to) and _ (do) some work？8. Its high time we _ (have) a rest.9. He acts as if he _ (know) English perfectly.10. I wish I _ (know) his name.11. Id rather you _ (live) closer to us.12. I _ (wonder) if you were free this evening.wasset todidhadk

8、newknewlivedwonderedExercise 11B13. I hope you _ (sleep) well.14. I _ (say) you are wrong.15. John _ (tell) me that there was a car accident last night.16. I _ (hear) old Mrs Smith has lost her cat.17. I _ (want) to ask if I could borrow your ladder.18. The ten oclock news _ (say) its going to be co

9、ld tomorrow.Exercise 11Bsleep / will sleepsaytellshearwantedsaysExercise 11B19. I _ (suggest) you phone me tomorrow.20. Two and three _ (make) five. I hope she _ (not dislike) the flowers.22. If only I _ (have) more money, I could buy some new clothes.23. I bet I _ (get) there before you.24. Dont co

10、me tomorrow. Id rather you _ (come) next weekend.suggestmake / makesdoesnt dislikehadgetcameExercise 11B25. A: I havent got a table cloth. B: Suppose we _ (use) a sheet?26. A: Daddy, can I watch TV? B: Suppose you _ (do) your homework first?27. If it _ (rain), the match would be cancelled.28. I _ (g

11、ather) Peters looking for a job.29. Mr Smith _ (step) into his office, _ (sit) down and _ (begin) to fill in the forms.use(d)do / didrainedgathersteppedsatbeganExercise 11B30. At rise, the stage _ (be) dark. It _ (be) two-thirty in the morning and a hot, midsummers day has just begun. It _ (be) sile

12、nt MEL EDISON, in pajamas, robe and slippers _ (sit) alone on the tiny sofa, smoking a cigarette. He _ (rub) his face anxiously, then _ (cough) isisissitsrubscoughsIII Uses of Present Progressive1. 表正在进行的动作 We are learning English grammar.2. 表现阶段一直在进行的动作 ( 一种暂时性，不是长期性) 与频度副词 always等连用时表示感情色彩,比较: You

13、 are always complaining about your work. (感情色彩) You always complain about your work. (说明事实)3. 表按计划近期内即将发生的动作 I am leaving China in a few weeks.注：用现在进行体表将来，句中要有表将来的 时间状语（上下文），否则歧义，例如： Are you doing anything special tonight? (表示将来) Are you doing anything special now? (表示说话时正在进行的动作)4. 其他用法1) 表刚刚过去的动作，只

14、适用于口语 You know I am telling the truth. what I am talking about.2）表婉转口气 I am hoping/ wondering you will help me.Exercise 11DPut the verbs in brackets into the simple presentOr the present progressive:My sister _ (live) at home for the moment.2. You _ (live) in North London, dont you?3. Why _ that gir

15、l _ (stand) on the table?4. Chetford Castle _ (stand) on a hill just outside the town.is livingliveis standingstandsExercise 11D5. She _ (see) her doctor twice a week.6. The weather _ (get) better and better.7. We _ probably _ (spend) next weekend at home.8. Water _ (boil) at 212Fahrenheit.9. The bo

16、ttle _ (boil). Shall I make tea?10. George _ (get) up at five oclock every day this week to prepare for his examination.seesis gettingare spendingboilsis boilingis gettingExercise 11D11. He _ always _ (write) with a special pen - just because he likes to be different.12. What _ you _ (talk about)? I

17、 cant make head or tail of it.is writingare talking aboutIV. Uses of Past Progressive1. 表过去某时（点/段）正在进行的动作 What were you doing yesterday afternoon? I was studying in the library.2. 表过去某种习惯性动作3. 表过去将来时间里的动作 They were leaving a few days later4. 表现在时间和将来时间里的动作1）婉转语气 只限于 hope, want, wonder 等词 比较委婉程度： I w

18、onder if you can help me. I wondered if you could help me. I am wondering if you can help me. I was wondering if you could help me.2）主观臆想 用在 its time, I wish, Id rather, if 条件句中，和一般过去时用法无区别,如： It is time we were having a rest. It is time we had a rest.5. 过去进行体与一般过去时比较 过去时 过去进行体已经完成的动作 未完成的动作陈述事实 侧重动

19、作的持续性较短的动作 较长的动作 随意、无目的动作 动作的时间顺序 Tense and Aspect IIKey Points: Uses of present perfective (progressive)2. Uses of past perfective (progressive)I. Uses of present perfective1. have/ has + ed分词构成 2. 两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法 I have eaten my dinner. (发生在过去某时的动作到现在已经完成。) He has lived here for 10 years/ since

20、 1999. (发生在过去某时的动作一直持续到现在有 可能继续。)3. 区别：已完成用法通常不与段时间连用，未完成用法常与段时间连用。 I have finished my homework. 已完成用法 I have known him for 8 years. 未完成用法II. Uses of present perfective progressive1. have/ has been +ing分词构成2. 用法与现在完成体未完成用法相仿，可以互换 He has lived here for 10 years. He has been living here for 10 years.

21、(强调一种持续性)3. 不能互换，比较： Who has eaten my dinner? （全吃光） Who has been eating my dinner? （有剩余） Example: 我工作了整整一天。 I have been working all day. 我学英语学了好些年了。 I have been learning English for quite a few years.我真累了。我一直在打羽毛球，我已经很长时间没打。I am really tired. I have been playing badminton. I havent played for a long

22、 time.我认识这位作家有些年了，我一直都在读他写的小说。I have known this writer for several years. I have been reading his novels.III. Uses of past perfective1. had + ed 分词构成 2. 两个主要用法：已完成用法；未完成用法 相对的时间是过去：过去的过去，在过去某时之前发生的动作。 I had eaten my dinner before they came. 已完成 He told me that he had lived here for 10 years. 未完成 Exa

23、mple:当我们到达操场的时候，比赛已经开始了。When we got to / reached the playground, the match/game had begun.我还没来得及向他解释，他就走了。Before I explained to him, he had left.IV. Uses of past perfective progressive1. had been+ ing 分词构成2. 与现在完成进行体用法相仿，只是时间推移 到了过去。 Example:在他大学毕业之前，他一直在努力地学习电脑。Before he graduated from the college,

24、 he had been making efforts to learn computer.在老师到来之前，我已经在教室呆了五分钟了。By the time the teacher came, I had been staying in the classroom for 5 minutes. 3. when/ before/ after/ until 引导的分句中过去完成体的用法。 表示动作先后，可以互换： When they came, I had eaten my dinner. I had eaten my dinner before they came. After I had ea

25、ten my dinner, they came. They didnt come until I had eaten my dinner. By the time they came I had eaten my dinner. 注：1) 通常一个动作用一般过去时，一个用过去完成体。2) After /before 本身已经体现出动作的先后，所以也可都用一般过去时 I ate my dinner before they came.After I ate my dinner, they came.两个动作可都用过去完成体，少，如by the time By the time they had

26、come, I had eaten my dinner.V. Imaginary use of past perfective1. 用于由if, if only, as if引导的分句中： If only you had told me before.2. 用于I wish, Id rather等结构后面的that- 分句中： I would rather you had told her the truth.3. 用于expect, think, intend, mean (= intend) want, suppose等动词，表示过去未曾实现 的希望、打算或意图： I had intend

27、ed to make a cake, but I ran out of time.VI. More on the use of perfective aspect1. 完成体与have got/ have got to 我得到了一本新字典。 I have got a new dictionary. 我有一本新字典。（口语） I have a new dictionary. I have got a new dictionary./ I have got no time. I have got to do it. = I have to do it.2. It is / will be the

28、first time that I have been here. It was the first time that I had been here.Multiple Choice_, the players began the game. A) Having taken our seats B) Being taken the seats C) After we had taken our seats D) Taking the seats2. The Curies discovered radium after they _. A) were married B) had been m

29、arried C) married D) have marriedCC3. “Lets hurry. The President is coming.” “Oh, hasnt he come yet? I was afraid we _.” A) already miss him B) has already missed him C) had already missed him D) have already missed him4. You will hardly believe it, but this is the third time tonight someone _ me. A

30、) telephoned B) has telephoned C) telephones D) should telephoneCB5. You love your only son and indulge him so much that you _ him harm. A) are doing B) have done C) will have done D) are doing to do6. The company _ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. A) is promised B) is promis

31、ing C) has been promising D) promisedAC7. It has been about 7 years since they _. A) got married B) got marry C) get married D) have married8. As a young man he did not know that he _ become famous later on. A) was to B) should C) was going to D) wouldAA9. We _ the cold winter for the past 2 years.

32、A) would have B) had C) have had D) have been having10. She _ when that young man dived in and saved her. A) drowned B) was drowning C) was going to drown D) had drownedDB11. He _ many of the experiences he ever _ in his childhood. A) gradually forget had B) is gradually forgetting had C) was gradua

33、lly forgetting had D) have gradually forgotten had12. You have been within an inch of life and _ it. A) havent known B) didnt know C) do not know D) hadnt knownBB13. Our university is no longer what she _. A) had been B) had C) was D) will be14. She gave me that notebook on my birthday, and I _ it i

34、n my drawer. A) have since kept B) since kept C) am since keeping D) had since keptCA15. You _ your books about. A) constantly leave B) are constantly leaving C) constantly left D) have constantly left16. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been all possible, but I _ fully occupied

35、 the whole of last week. A) were B) had been C) have been D) wasBD17. She _ clean out the space room last week, but was too much occupied at that time. A) intended to B) was intended to C) had intended to D) has intended to18. When I saw her smiling face, I knew she _ good news of her husband. A) has B) has had C) had had D) was havingCC19. He did not arrive until the meeting was nearly over, for the simple reason that he _ asleep while watching television. A) had fallen B) has fallen C) fell D) was falling20. Henry would rather that his girl friend