临床医学英语教学课件：Unit 14 Cancer

1、Unit 14 CancerWord Formationtax/o- order; arrangement (整理，排列） ( taxonomy )epi- above gen/o- gene ( epigenetic )neo- new ( neoplasm )meta- change; transformation ( metastasize )micro- small; tiny ( microarray )multi- many; much ( multiplex )strati- stratum ( stratification ) retro- backwardsonco- tum

2、or ( oncology )-some bodyana- according to ( analogous ) co- together; jointly; mutually ( cohort )inter- between Questions to consider:What is a gene ?What is genomics ?What is oncology ?Can you name top ten cancers in modern society ?What is gene ? the basic unit of genetic material, which is carr

3、ied at a particular place on a chromosome. Originally it was regarded as the unit of inheritance and mutation but is now usually defined as a sequence of DNA or RNA that acts as the unit controlling the formation of a single polypeptide chain.What is genomics ?Genomics is the study of genes and thei

4、r function in relation to the environment. In contrast to genetics, which focuses on genes and inheritance, the goal of genomics is to understand genes, their products and how, when, and why these products are synthesized. Genomics is a recent scientific discipline that strives to define and charact

5、erize the complete genetic makeup of an organism. Its primary approaches are to determine the entire sequence and structure of an organisms DNA (its genome) and then to determine how that DNA is arranged into genes. This second goal is accomplished by determining the structure and relative abundance

6、 of all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), the middlemen in genetics that encode individual proteins.What is oncology ?The branch of medicine that deals with tumors, including study of their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.Oncology is concerned with:The diagnosis of any cancer in a personTher

7、apy (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other modalities)Follow-up of cancer patients after successful treatmentPalliative care of patients with terminal malignanciesEthical questions surrounding cancer careScreening efforts: of populations, orof the relatives of patients (in types of canc

8、er that are thought to have a hereditary basis, such as breast cancer)According to the age-standardized incidence rates, the top cancer sites were lung, stomach, liver, breast, oesophageal, colorectal, corpus uterine, cervical, leukemia and brain tumor. Cancer happened more frequently among people o

9、lder than 40 years, particularly among males.Data related to prediction showed that the incidence and mortality of cancer in China would gradually increase in the next 20 years. Conclusion: Both incidence and mortality of cancers in China had been increasing, with the most common cancers appeared to

10、 be lung, breast and digestive tract cancers in China. People older than 40 years should be under specific care to receive prevention and care on cancer, with males in particular.DNA微阵列(DNA microarray),也叫基因芯片，是近几年发展起来的一种能快速、高效检测DNA片段序列、基因型及其多态性或基因表达水平的新技术。它将几十个到上百万个不等的称之为探针的核苷酸序列固定在微小的(约1cm2)玻璃或硅片等固

11、体基片或膜上，该固定有探阵的基片就称之为DNA微阵列。它利用核苷酸分子在形成双链时遵循碱基互补原则，可以检测出样本中与探阵阵列中互补的核苷酸片段，从而得到样本中关于基因结构和表达的信息。它的技术来源追溯到一个多世纪之前，Ed Southern发现被标记的核酸分子能够与另一被固化的核酸分子配对杂交。因此，Southern blot可被看做是最早的基因芯片。在八十年代，Bains W.等人就将短的DNA片断固定到支持物上，借助杂交方式进行序列测定。1995年，斯坦福大学开发出第一片cDNA芯片并用于生命科学研究，1998年美国Affymetrix公司将第一片带有13.5万个基因探阵的寡聚核苷酸芯片推向市场，标志着DNA微阵列的产业化，从此基因芯片或DNA微阵列的研究和应用得到了广泛的重视，可以说在生命科学研究界和产业界掀起了基因芯片热潮，1999年Nature出专刊介绍这门基因芯片及其应用。基因芯片可用于DNA序列的再测序、基因SNP或多态性检测和基因表达分析。由于基因芯片技术是一种高通量检测技术，它可以并行的同时检测成百上千，甚至成千上万个基因的活动情况或dna片段，改变了传统的每次只能检测一