医学英语翻译与写作：Medical English Writing(1) Writing the title

1、“There is no way to get experience except through experience.”Why write and publish research papers?Ideally to share research findings and discoveries with the hope of improving healthcare.Practically to get a job! to keep your job! to get funding! to get promoted!“Scientists are rated by what they

2、finish, not by what they attempt”Publish or perishWhat makes a good research paper ? Good science Good writing Publication in good journalsWriting the manuscriptThe hardest part is getting started.Parts of a manuscriptTitleAbstract (and key words)IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsR

3、eferencesWrite in what order?TitleAbstract (key words)IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsReferencesTitleWill determine whether paper gets readMedical English WritingWriting the titleRequirementsShort and Concise InformativeImportant Word FirstIndexing（3Cs） 简明扼要便于检索富含信息重要词居首Short and

4、 concise：Write in phrases (seldom in sentences); generally not exceeding 20 words (journals at home) or 14 words (Journal of the National Cancer Institute) or 100 letters (the British Journal of Cancer) or less than 2 lines (Archives of Internal Medicine); no abbreviations or chemical symbols except

5、 those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, AIDS, CT etc.Informative：State exactly what you want the readers to know about your paper and your work with enough information; highlight the important or innovative parts Important Word First：key words are often in the beginning of the title; key words

6、 not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the Key Words section of the paper;Indexing： 3Cs (Correct, complete, concrete), pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading itWriting-modeCapitalization of the 1st letter of the 1st word ( except prope

7、r nouns and abbreviations )Capitalization of the 1st letter of each word (except three types of function words: prep., art., conj.)Capitalization of all the wordsOmission of ArticlesIn the beginning of a titleBefore the names of diseases, some organs and plural nounsStructure of the Titlesas a Phras

8、e as a sentenceAs a Phrase Noun Phrasen + prepositional phraseBlindness after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension恶性高血压治疗后的失明Predication of Varicose Haemorrhage by Esophageal Endoscopy 食管镜检查预计曲张静脉出血As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + participial phrase Thyroid Carcinoma Induced by Irradiation for Hodgkins Di

9、sease何杰金病放射治疗引起的甲状腺癌Left Ventricular Function Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease二尖瓣病变手术后的左心室功能 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + to-infinitiveSuggestion to Abolish Icterus Determination Where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay is Available 建议能做胆红素定量测定的化验室不再做黄疸指数 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + appos

10、itive Gentamicin, a Selective Agent for the Isolation of -hemolytic Streptococci庆大霉素是分离-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物 As a Phrase Noun Phrasen + clause （mostly appositive clause or attributive clause）Factors which influence survival rate after resection of primary liver cancer 影响原发性肝癌切除后存活率的因素 As a Phrase Noun Phras

11、eattributive modifier + n (or parallel n phrases)Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking恶性高血压与吸烟 As a Phrase Gerund PhrasePreventing Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation心房纤颤患者中风预防Assessing Meningitis in Febrile Infants 发热婴儿脑膜炎的判别 As a Phrase Prepositional PhraseOn Controlling Rectal Canc

12、er控制直肠癌（探讨） On Clinical Diagnosis of Primary Carcinoma of Liver原发性肝癌临床诊断（探讨） As a Phrase to-infinitive phraseTo Enhance the Diagnostic Value of Intravenous Urography 提高静脉尿路造影的诊断价值As a Sentence Declarative SentenceNo period or full stop( ./。) after the title:Osteoclasts are present in the giant cellv

13、ariant of malignant fibrous histocytoma恶性纤维组织细胞瘤巨细胞变异体中有破骨细胞存在Recurrent abdominal pain in a healthy school-aged child can be lactose intolerance健康学龄儿童反复腹痛可能与不能耐受乳糖有关As a Sentence Interrogative SentenceGenerally end with a question mark (?)Home or hospital births？在家分娩还是住院分娩？Is treatment of borderline

14、 hypertension good or bad？治疗临界型高血压是利还是弊？What to look for in rib fractures and how（?）肋骨骨折时应检查什么及如何检查（？）SubtitleTo supplement and explain the title or to highlight one aspect of the research paper To separate the title and the subtitle by a colon(:) or a dash()More common in the journals abroad than t

15、hose in ChinaFunctions of SubtitlesTo highlight the number of cases or samples：对急诊室176例腹痛病例的回顾性研究Original：A retrospective study of 176 cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room Revised：Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 176 cases Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the r

16、esearch ：大动脉炎胸部X线表现及其临床意义Original：Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis Revised： Aorto-arteritis：Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the research methods：传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者随访调查Original：A follow-up study on diabetes after

17、 infectious hepatitis Revised： Diabetes after infectious hepatitis：A follow-up study Functions of SubtitlesTo highlight the function of the treatment：Prazodine 一种新的治疗高血压的血管扩张剂Original：Prazodine is a new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertensionRevised： Prazodine：A new vasodilator used for treat

18、ment of hypertensionFunctions of SubtitlesTo raise a question or a choice 慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状？Original：Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symptom？ Revised： Chronic abdominal pain： a surgical or psychiatric symptom？ Functions of SubtitlesTo denote the different topics of a serial researc

19、h paper人类血清的理化研究：. 29例肾炎患者的研究Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum：A study of 29 cases of nephritis人类血清的理化研究：. 多种病例的研究Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum： A study of miscellaneous disease conditionsFunctions of SubtitlesTo show the time of research曲张静脉内镜硬化疗法:一年临床经验研究Origi

20、nal：One year Clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosisRevised： Endoscopic varicose sclerosis： one year Clinical experienceHigh Frequency Words nounsinfluence of on 对 的影响studies/study/research/researches on/of 的研究diagnosis of 的诊断treatment of 的治疗effect (s) of on 对 的疗效action of on 对 的作用com

21、parison of and 的比较discussion/investigation of/on 探讨application of 应用a report of/on 报告experience of （经验）总结experience in/with 体会/经验survey/investigation of/on 调查an observation of/on 观察correlation between and 的关系an approach to 的探讨/方法High Frequency Words nounsStudies on the Typing of Chronic atrophic Gas

22、tritis 慢性萎缩性胃炎分型的研究Operative Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases in Childhood: Analysis of 464 Cases 464 例小儿先天性心血管手术分析报告High Frequency Words nounsTendency of Omission:Study of ，A report of/on ，Observation on ， Discussion/Investigation of 苯对白细胞毒性作用的研究Toxic effects of benzene on leucocytes双异丙吡胺治疗心律

23、失常的临床疗效观察 Clinical efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmiasHigh Frequency Words nounsuse of modifiers before the nouns：苯对白细胞毒性作用的回顾性研究Retrospective study of toxic effects of benzene on leucocytesToxic effects of benzene on leucocytes：A retrospective study retrospective（回顾性）pr

24、ospective （前瞻性）comparative（比较性） randomized（随机性）quantitative（定量） qualitative （定性）experimental (实验) clinical（临床）High Frequency Words conjunctionsas （necessary to use a predicative or an appositive ）Pernicious Anemia as a Risk Factor for Cancer of the Stomach 恶性贫血 胃癌的危险因素Evaluation of nutritional indic

25、es as a prognosis indicator in the cancer patient营养指数癌症的预后指标High Frequency Words conjunctionsand（to show the correlation ）Malignant Hypertension and CigaretteSmoking 恶性高血压与吸烟Viral hepatitis and medical profession病毒性肝炎与医务工作High Frequency Words prepositionon: n.( indicating study/research, investigation, observation, effect etc. )+ on +n.Experimental Studies on Treatmentof Viperidae Snake Bite with Trypsin胰蛋白酶治疗蝰科蛇毒中毒的试验研究High Frequency Words prepositionin: (1)n.( indicating physiological or pathological phenomena)+ in + n. Ure