框架结构教学楼五层局部4层5000平米左右文献翻译

1、Civil engineeringroduction prsAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, buildingwhether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development pros. The world ischanging every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and developme

2、nt.Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technologyo the building. Butbefore a room witile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas,different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect. key words : civil engineering

3、; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and military project corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because th

4、ey all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical,electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became CivilEngineering of spelized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include waterconservancy project, port Engin

5、eering, While in our country, water conservancy projects andport projects alsoe very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch.Civil engineering construction of object, both refers tot built on the ground, undergroundwater engineering facilities, also refers to appd materials equipme

6、nt and conduct of theinvestigation, design and construction, maenance, repair and othrofesal technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food, clothing, shelter and transporion hasclose relation of the project. Among them with live relationship is directly. Because, to solve the live prob

7、lem must build various types of buildings. To solve the line, food and clothes problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. Line, must build railways, roads,Bridges, Feed, must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainagewater supply for the city,t is direct relation.

8、Indirectly relationship is no matter what youdo, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch salites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build variousbuildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil e

9、ngineering with the progress of human society and development, yes evolvedo large-scale comprehensive discipline, is out many branch, such as: architecturalengineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, spelengineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port en

10、gineering, hydraulicengineering, environment engineering disciplines.Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its importantributes of:egrated, solity, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of nationaleconomy and the improvement of peoples life provides an imp

11、ortant material and technicalbasis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction isthe formation of a fixed asset basic production pros, therefore, construction and real eseerhouses.eany countries and regions, economicConstruction project is housing planning,

12、 survey, design, construction of the floorboard.Pure is for human life and production provide pla.Houses will be like a man, its like a mans life planning environment is responsibythe planners, Its layout and artistic prosing, corresponding to the body shlooks andtemperament, is responsiby the archi

13、tect, Its structure is likersons bones and lifeexpectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electricalfacilitiech as the humanan and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsiblefor. Also like natureact shd like people,he city I district planning ba

14、sed on buildhouses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various designengineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation pros.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and theernal stress and howexternal force balance. Building to

15、tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanicalproblems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics.Architectural mechanics have can be dividedo: sics, material mechanics and structuralmechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discusand researchbu

16、ilding structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of,also is the building ofensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structureand component can cause the surrounding objectsheir function, and the object itself bythe load effect and deform

17、ation, and there is thesibility of damage, but the structure itselfhas certainto deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacityof the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure cir

18、cumstance relevant. While theserelationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quicklyn those in any otherbranch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast.In 1935 most of

19、 the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, andthe maethods of excavation, with fahovel, backacter, or draglinerab, though theyare still widely used are only a few of the many cur

20、rent methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders andtransport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cuttingo ground

21、 where its surface is too high( cuts ), and dumthe earth in othlawhere the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduceearthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts andwhereversible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reducetransport and doub

22、le handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineerwho lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork moren anything else whichdecides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reachas many decis assible in the drawing office by

23、 drawing cross sections of theearthwork. On the site when further informationes available he can make changes injis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will nove been lost. It will have helpedhim to reach the best solutionhe shortest time.The chest way of moving earth is to take it direc

24、tly out of the cut and drop it as fillwith the same machine. This is not alwayssible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, beingboth quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and fahovels an do this. The largest radius isobtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldoz

25、er, thoughonly over short distancannot dig with force.The disadvantages of the dragline aret it must dig below itself, ito compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumand digging are not accurate.Fahovels are betn bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of actionnbulldozer

26、s but lessn draglines. They are anle to digo a vertical cliff face in a waywhich would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and imsible for a dragline. Each pieceof equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacteris most useful, but its dumradius is consid

27、erably lessnt of the same escavatorfitted wifahovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrrs are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distanceof transport is too much tor a dragline or fahovel. They can dig the material deeply ( butonly below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry itdreds of meters

28、 if need be, thendrop it and level it roughly during the dum. For hard digging it is often found economicalto keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scrr as itreturns to dig. As soon as the scrr is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of thedig to

29、heop to help the nest scrr.Bowl scrrs are often extremelyerful machines;many makers build scrrs of 8cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m hed. The largest self-propelled scrrsare of 19 m struck capacity ( 25 m hed )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430horse-ers.Dumpers are probably

30、 the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they csoconveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of

31、 tip can be widelyvaried. The smallestve a capacity of about 0.5 m , and the largest standard types are of about4.5 m . Spel types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m and the articulated typeof about 0.5 m . The distinction betn dumpers and dump trucks must beremembered .dumpers tip forward

32、s and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy,strengthened tiplorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumpedbehind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucksBuilding materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society

33、productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only usefulsynthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie lat

34、er, untilthe eighteenth century hortland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineeringget vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decorationmaterials and watroof material development, criterion and 20th century since midanicpolymer materials in civil

35、engineering are closely related to the widely application. In allmaterials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years,by usino kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination ofstructure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering qua

36、lity fit and unfit quality usuallyadopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or nove direct connection, inmeet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choiceof different material is different, use method of engineering coss direct impact.In

37、construction pros, building construction is and architectural mechanics, buildingmaterials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer,ention and idears, from rural too realistic pros, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrurban country road elevated road all need thr

38、ough construction means. A constructionproject, including many jobch as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracingengineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structurallifting project, watroofing, decorate projects, each type of projecs its own rules, allne

39、ed according to different construction object and construction environment conditionsusing relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevanthydroer and other equipment comition of a whole, each project betn reasonableanizing and coordination, bettlay investment ben

40、efit. Civil engineering construction inthe benefit, while also ied by the se in strict accordance with the relevant constructiontechnology standard, thus further enhance Chinas construction level to ensure constructionquality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the

41、earll strata, building weight eventually tostratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundat

42、ion. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According tothe function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is theeraction of the whole. Foundation can be dividedo natural foundation and artifilfoundation

43、, basic according to the buried depth is dividedo deep foundation and shallowfoundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings andnormal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both mustmaain overall stability and if the settleme

44、nt of foundation produce in building scopepermitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability,also consider repair methods and the nerelevant measures. 3sary foundation soil retaining retaining water andAs people living standard rise ceaselessly, the peo

45、ple to their place of building space hase not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are putcar higher demandst the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs todecorate a building to be nesary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton

46、of the building, then after adornment building hase the flesh-and-bloodanism, finalwith rich, perfect appearance in peoples in front, the best architecture should fully embodyall sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, themost effective gim, to achieve

47、conception must express effect. Building outfit fix toconsider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage,giverson with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorativematerials and scheme of rationality, construction technology an

48、d economic feasibility, etc.Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, is made grehievements,ition. Thethe future of the civil

49、 engineering will occupy in peoples life more importantenvironment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a morecomfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering.he nearfuture, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller sk

50、yscrrs, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science andtechnology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering toaerospace and Marine development, provide mind broader space of living. In recent years,engineering mate

51、rials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials,he future,the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materialsmarket, espelly the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higherpo. Meanwhile, design method of preci, design wo

52、rk of automation, information andelligent technology ofroducing, will be people have a more comfortable livingenvironment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergenceof the application of computer, high-techhave a new leap.roduction to wait to will make civil enginee

53、ringThis is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive profesal.Becausedreds of thousands, evendreds of thousands of lines to building each placestructure clearly reflected. Without a gentle se of mind, do what thing just floating on thesurface, to any a building structure, to be e

54、ngaged in business and could nove had a clear,accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good.his business, probably notburn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should

55、have a single responsible heart - I oneslifey hand, thousands of lifey hand. Since the civil, should choose dependablyshoulder the responsibility.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic. But if no generations of the pursuit of t

56、oday, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous,but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keepimproving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confinedhe past. Just think, if

57、 thedesign of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy tograsp,t was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One ofthe most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, inn

58、ovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:1 LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (profesuniversity of technology press. 2007al).roduction to wuhan. Wuhan2 WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials.Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 20023 jiang see wha

59、les, zhiming editor. Civil engineeringpress. Beijing. 1992roduction of higher education土木工程概论摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的发展，使其更加完美。的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料。土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上

60、土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于 Civil Engineering，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering 就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，CivilEngineering 还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”