国际会计学第六版chapter-6课件

1、International Accounting, 6/eFrederick D.S. ChoiGary K. MeekChapter 6: Foreign Currency TranslationChoi/Meek, 6/e1Learning Objectives Why do firms translate from one currency to another?What is the difference between a spot, forward, and swap transaction? What exchange rates are used in the currency

2、 translation process and what are their financial statement effects? Choi/Meek, 6/e2How does a translation gain or loss differ from a transactions gain or loss?Is there more than one way of translating financial statements from one currency to another? If so, what are they? How does the temporal met

3、hod of currency translation differ from the current rate method? What is the relationship between currency translation and inflation?Choi/Meek, 6/e3Why do Firms Translate?Facilitates the preparation of consolidated financial statements that allow readers to see the performance of a multinational com

4、panys total operations both domestic and foreign. Facilitates the measurement of a firms exposure to foreign exchange risk.Choi/Meek, 6/e4Facilitates the recording of foreign currency transactions; i.e., foreign currency sales, purchases, borrowing or lending in the consolidated entitys reporting cu

5、rrency. Facilitates reporting domestic accounts to foreign audiences-of-interest.Choi/Meek, 6/e5Types of Transaction RatesSpot transactions: the physical exchange of one currency for another in which delivery takes place immediately.Direct quote: the exchange rate specifies the number of domestic cu

6、rrency units needed to acquire a unit of foreign currency.Indirect quote: the exchange rate specifies the price of a unit of the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency. Choi/Meek, 6/e6Forward transaction: agreements to exchange a specified amount of one currency for another at a future d

7、ate.Swap transaction: involves the simultaneous spot purchase and forward sale, or spot sale and forward purchase of a currency. Choi/Meek, 6/e7Accounting for Spot Transactions Spot transaction: occurs when an enterprise purchases or sells goods for which payment is made in a foreign currency, or wh

8、en it borrows or lends foreign currency.At the transaction date, each asset, liability, revenue, and expense denominated in a foreign currency is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the reporting entity at the spot exchange rate in effect on that date. Choi/Meek, 6/e8 Functional curr

9、ency is the primary currency in which the reporting entity transacts business and generates and spends cash; e.g., dollars in the case of a U.S. reporting entity. At each balance sheet date, recorded balances denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the reporting entity is adj

10、usted to reflect the current exchange rate.Choi/Meek, 6/e9Accounting for Spot Transactions (contin)A foreign exchange gain or loss is recorded whenever the exchange rate changes between the original transaction date and the settlement date, or between the original transaction date and the financial

11、statement date should financial statements be prepared prior to settlement. Choi/Meek, 6/e10 Example: On September 1, a calendar year U.S. manufacturer sells, on 90-day credit, goods to a Swedish importer for SEK 1,000,000. The dollar/krona exchange rate is $0.14 = SEK1 on September 1, $0.13 = SEK 1

12、 on September 30, and $0.11 = SEK 1 on December 1.Choi/Meek, 6/e11Choi/Meek, 6/e12Types of Translation Rates and their Statement Effects Historical rate: the exchange rate prevailing when a foreign currency asset was first acquired or a foreign currency liability first incurred. Preserves the origin

13、al cost equivalent of a foreign currency item in the reporting currency.Use of historical rates do not give rise to translation gains or losses, which are increases or decreases in the reporting currency equivalent of the foreign currency.Choi/Meek, 6/e13Current rate: the exchange rate prevailing as

14、 of the financial statement date.Changes the reporting currency equivalent of a foreign currency item whenever exchange rates change.Use of the current rate gives rise to translation gains and losses. Average rate: a simple or weighted average of either historical or current exchange rates. Choi/Mee

15、k, 6/e14Translation vs. Transaction Gains or LossesTranslation gains or losses: result from a restatement process. Transactions gains or losses: result from the physical exchange of one currency for another. Choi/Meek, 6/e15Gain or loss on a settled transaction: arises whenever the exchange rate use

16、d to book the original transaction differs from the exchange rate used at settlement.Gain or loss on an unsettled transaction: arises whenever consolidated financial statements are prepared before settlement and the current rate has changed since the transaction date. Is similar to a translation gai

17、n or loss as it results from a restatement process. Choi/Meek, 6/e16Choi/Meek, 6/e17Types of Translation Methods Single rate method: applies a single exchange rate, the current rate, to all foreign currency assets and liabilities.Multiple rate methods: Use some combination or current and historical

18、rates to translate foreign currency balances. Choi/Meek, 6/e18Choi/Meek, 6/e19Current-Noncurrent MethodCurrent assets and current liabilities translated at the current rate.Noncurrent assets and liabilities translated at the historical rate.Revenues and expenses (excluding depreciation and amortizat

19、ion) translated at average rates.Depreciation and amortization charges at historical rates in effect when related assets are acquired. Choi/Meek, 6/e20Choi/Meek, 6/e21Choi/Meek, 6/e22Monetary-Nonmonetary Method Monetary assets and liabilities translated at current rates.Nonmonetary assets and liabil

20、ities translated at historical rates.Choi/Meek, 6/e23Revenues and expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and cost of sales, at average rates.Depreciation, amortization charges, and cost of sales at historical rates in effect when related assets are acquired. See Exhibits 6-8 and 6-9.Choi/Mee

21、k, 6/e24Temporal MethodMonetary assets and liabilities translated at the current rate.Nonmonetary items translated at rates that preserve their original measurement bases.Foreign currency balances at historical cost are translated at historical rates.Foreign currency balances at current cost or mark

22、et value are translated at the current rate. Choi/Meek, 6/e25Revenues and expenses, including cost of sales if inventories are carried at market, at average rates.Depreciation, amortization charges, and cost of sales when inventories are carried at cost, at historical rates in effect when related as

23、sets are acquired. See Exhibits 6-8 and 6-9.Choi/Meek, 6/e26Current (Single) Rate MethodAll foreign assets and liabilities translated at the current rate.All revenues and expenses are translated by an appropriately weighted average of current exchange rates for the period.See Exhibits 6-8 and 6-9. C

24、hoi/Meek, 6/e27Features of FASB 52 and IAS 21ObjectivesReflect in consolidated statements the financial results and relationships measured in the primary currency in which each consolidated entity does business.Provide information compatible with the expected economic effects of an exchange rate cha

25、nge on an entitys cash flows and equity.Choi/Meek, 6/e28Objectives based on the notion of a functional currency defined earlier.Functional currency can be the parent currency.Functional currency can be the local currency.Choi/Meek, 6/e29Choi/Meek, 6/e30Features of FASB 52 and IAS 21 (contin)Translation when the parent currency is functional.Foreign currency financial statements remeasured to reporting currency using the temporal method.Translation gains and losses resulting from the translation process are included in current income.Choi/Meek, 6/e31Translation when the lo