《经济学原理第三版》原版中英文双语课程教学课件全册教学课件汇总

1、授课人：XX XX 经济学原理XX学院 XX 专业【全套课件】第1页，共801页。Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN. Gregory Mankiw经济学原理（第三版）第2页，共801页。1 INTRODUCTION 导言 第3页，共801页。Ten Principles of Economics经济学十大原理Chapter 1第4页，共801页。Economy. . .经济 . . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.” 经济一词来源

2、于希腊语，意思是“管理家庭的人”。第5页，共801页。A household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：Who will work? 谁去工作？What goods and how many of them should be produced? 应该生产什么物品？应该生产多少？第6页，共801页。A household and an economy face many decisions:一个家庭和经济体面临很多决策：What resources should be used in production? 应该用什么资

3、源生产？At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的销售价格应该是多少？第7页，共801页。Society and Scarce Resources:社会和稀缺资源：The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.因为资源是稀缺的，所以社会资源的管理就很重要。第8页，共801页。Scarcity . . . 稀缺. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot

4、 produce all the goods and services people wish to have.意思是说，社会拥有有限的资源，不能生产出人们想要的所有物品与劳务。第9页，共801页。Economics 经济学Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源的学科。第10页，共801页。Economists study. . . 经济学家研究 How people make decisions.人们如何作出决策How people interact with

5、 each other.人们如何与他人相互交易The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 影响整体经济的力量和趋势第11页，共801页。Ten Principles of EconomicsPeople face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to incentives.How People Make Decisions第12页，

6、共801页。经济学十大原理人们面临权衡取舍某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西理性人考虑边际量人们会对激励作出反应人们如何作出决策第13页，共801页。Ten Principles of EconomicsTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.How People Interact with each other第14页，共801页。经济学

7、十大原理贸易可以使每个人状况更好。市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法。政府有时能改善市场经济效果。人们如何与他人相互交易第15页，共801页。Ten Principles of EconomicsThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The forces and trends

8、that affect how the economy as a whole works第16页，共801页。经济学十大原理一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力。当政府发行了过多货币时，物价上升。社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。影响整体经济如何运行的力量和趋势第17页，共801页。People face tradeoffs.人们面临权衡取舍“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”天下没有免费的午餐第18页，共801页。1. People face tradeoffs.To get one thing, we usually have t

9、o give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equityMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.第19页，共801页。1.人们面临权衡取舍为了得到我们喜爱的一件东西，我们通常不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。 大炮 vs.黄油 食物 vs. 衣服 休闲 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等 作决策时需要在两个目标之间权衡取舍第20页，共801页。1. People face tra

10、deoffs.Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v. Equity第21页，共801页。1.人们面临权衡取舍效率 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。平等 社会资源的经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。效率与平等第22页，共801页。2. The cost o

11、f something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?第23页，共801页。2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西作出决策时需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与收益上大学还是去工作?学习还是出去约会?去上课还是睡觉?第24页，共

12、801页。2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.机会成本为了得到某种东西所必需放弃的东西。第25页，共801页。2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and g

13、o straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.第26页，共801页。当预期在四年之内赚得上千万美元时，高中篮球明星科比.布赖恩特（Kobe Bryant ）决定不读大学而直接进入职业篮球联盟（ NBA ）。2.某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西第27页，共801页。3. Rational people think at the margin理性人考虑边际量Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an exist

14、ing plan of action.边际变动对当前行动计划微小的增量调整。People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.人们作决策时需要比较边际成本和边际利益。第28页，共801页。4. People respond to incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when th

15、at alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!第29页，共801页。4. 人们会对激励作出反应成本或收益的边际改变会激励人们作出反应。当一个方案的边际收益大于边际成本时，人们选择这个方案，而不去选择别的。第30页，共801页。5. Trade can make everyone better off.People gain from their ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows

16、people to specialize in what they do best.第31页，共801页。5. 贸易能使每个人状况变好人们可以从与他人相互交易的能力中获益。竞争可以使人们从贸易中获益。贸易可以让人们从事他们最专长的工作。第32页，共801页。6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms a

17、nd households as they interact in markets for goods and services.households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 第33页，共801页。6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场经济当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。家庭决定购买什么和为谁工作。企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么。第34页，共801页。6. Markets are usually a go

18、od way to organize economic activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”第35页，共801页。6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法亚当.斯密提出了全部经济学中最有名的观察结果：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，导致了合意的市场结果。第36页，共801页。6. Markets are usually a good way

19、to organize economic activity.Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.第37页，

20、共801页。6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法由于家庭和企业在决定购买和出售什么时关注价格，所以他们就不知不觉地考虑到了他们的行为的社会收益与成本。结果是，价格指引这些个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果。第38页，共801页。7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.市场失灵市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。第39页，共801页。7.

21、 Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.政府有时能改善市场结果When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.当市场失灵时，政府可以对市场进行干预以促进效率和平等。第40页，共801页。7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有时能改善市场结果Market failure may be caused by an external

22、ity, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.市场失灵的一个可能原因是外部性。外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。第41页，共801页。7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly in

23、fluence market prices. 第42页，共801页。7.政府有时能改善市场结果市场失灵的另一个可能原因是市场势力。 市场势力是指一个人或一个企业不适当地影响市场价格的能力。第43页，共801页。8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations prod

24、uction.第44页，共801页。8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力生活水平 可以用不同的方式衡量:比较人均收入。比较一个国家产出的总的市场价值。第45页，共801页。8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.第46页，共801页。8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力 几乎所有生活水平的差异都可以

25、归因于各国生产率的差别。第47页，共801页。8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Higher productivity Higher standard of living第48页，共801页。8. 一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力生产率 是指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。高生产率 高生活水平第49页，共801页。9.

26、 Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.第50页，共801页。9. 当政府发行了过多货币时，物价

27、上升通货膨胀 是指经济中物价总水平的上升。通货膨胀的一个原因是货币量的增长。当一个政府创造了大量本国货币时，货币的价值就下降。第51页，共801页。10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!第52页，共801页。10. 社会面临通货膨胀与失业

28、之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线 说明了通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 : 通货膨胀 失业这是短期权衡取舍。第53页，共801页。Summary 内容提要When individuals make decisions, they face tradeoffs among alternative goals. 当个人决策时，在不同的目标之间面临权衡取舍。The cost of any action is measured in terms of foregone opportunities. 任何一种行为的成本用所放弃的机会来衡量。第54页，共801页。Summary 内容提要Rational

29、people make decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits. 理性人通过比较边际成本与边际收益作出决策 。 People change their behavior in response to the incentives they face. 人们对所面临激励的反映就是改变他们的行为。 第55页，共801页。Summary 内容提要People can benefit by trading with each other. 贸易可以是互利的。Markets are usually a good way of

30、 coordinating trades. 市场通常是协调贸易的一种好方法。Government can potentially improve market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is inequitable. 如果存在市场失灵或者市场结果不平等时，政府有可能改善市场结果。第56页，共801页。SummaryProductivity is the ultimate source of living standards.Money growth is the ultimate sour

31、ce of inflation.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. 第57页，共801页。内容提要生产率是生活水平高低的最终根源。货币增长是通货膨胀的最终根源。社会面临着通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 第58页，共801页。Thinking Like an Economist像经济学家一样思考Chapter 2第59页，共801页。Every field of study has its own terminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvector s

32、pacesPsychologyegoidcognitive dissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissory estoppel第60页，共801页。每个研究领域都有自己的语言数学公理积分向量空间心理学自我本我认知的不一致性法律侵权行为案发现场约定的禁止翻供第61页，共801页。Every field of study has its own terminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticityConsumer SurplusComparative advantageOpportunity costDeadweight loss第62页，共80

33、1页。每个研究领域都有自己的语言经济学供给需求弹性消费者剩余比较优势机会成本无谓损失第63页，共801页。Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives.Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.第64页，共801页。经济学训练你. . . . 从不同的角度思考问题。评估个人和社会选择的成本。检查和理解一些事件和问题是如何相互关联的

34、。第65页，共801页。The Economist as a Scientist作为科学家的经济学家The economic way of thinking . . . 经济学思考方法Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客观地分析与思考。Makes use of the scientific method. 利用科学的方法。第66页，共801页。The Scientific MethodUses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.Dev

35、elops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.Observation, Theory and More Observation!第67页，共801页。科学方法利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的真实世界如何运行。形成理论，收集并分析数据来验证理论。观察, 理论 ，更多的观察第68页，共801页。The Role of Assumptions Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in s

36、cientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.第69页，共801页。假设的作用 为了使这个世界更容易理解，经济学家做一些假设。 科学思考的艺术就是决定作出什么样的假设。 经济学家利用不同的假设来回答不同的问题。第70页，共801页。The Economic Way of ThinkingIncludes developing abstract models from theories and

37、the analysis of the models.Uses two approaches:Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.)Analytical (abstract reasoning)第71页，共801页。经济学思考方法利用理论建立抽象的模型，然后进一步分析模型。利用两种方法:描述性的方法 (报告实情等)分析性的方法 (抽象推理)第72页，共801页。Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the

38、 world Two of the most basic economic models include:The Circular Flow ModelThe Production Possibilities Frontier第73页，共801页。经济模型 经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我们更好地理解这个世界。 两个最基本的经济学模型是：循环流向图生产可能性边界第74页，共801页。The Circular-Flow Model经济循环流向图The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic trans

39、actions that occur between households and firms in the economy.循环流向图一个直观地说明一个经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易行为的简单方式。第75页，共801页。The Circular-Flow DiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarket for Factors of ProductionMarket for Goods and ServicesSpendingRevenueWages, rent, and profitIncomeGoods & Services soldGoods & Services bough

40、tLabor, land, and capitalInputs for production第76页，共801页。经济循环图企业家庭生产要素市场物品与劳务市场支出收入工资、租金和利润收入销售商品和服务购买商品和服务劳动、土地和资本生产投入第77页，共801页。Figure 1 The Circular FlowCopyright 2004 South-WesternSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor, land,and capitalIncome = Flow of inputs and output

41、s = Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages, rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSF

42、ORGOODS AND SERVICES第78页，共801页。The Circular-Flow DiagramHouseholds Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell factors of productionFirms Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production第79页，共801页。经济循环流向图家庭 购买并消费物品与劳务 拥有并出售所有生产要素企业 生产并出售物品与劳务 雇佣并使用生产要素第80页，共801页。The Circula

43、r-Flow DiagramMarkets for Factors of Production Households sell Firms buyMarkets for Goods & Services Firms sell Households buy第81页，共801页。经济循环图生产要素市场 家庭出售 企业购买物品与劳务市场 企业出售 家庭购买第82页，共801页。The Circular-Flow Diagram经济循环图Factors of Production 生产要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生产物品与劳务的投入 L

44、and, labor, and capital 土地、劳动和资本第83页，共801页。The Production Possibilities FrontierThe production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.第84页，共801页。生产可能性边界生产可能性边界 表示一个经济在

45、可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。 第85页，共801页。The Production Possibilities Frontier生产可能性边界Quantity ofComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier电脑产量汽车产量生产可能性边界第86页，共801页。Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities FrontierEff

46、iciencyTradeoffsOpportunity CostEconomic Growth第87页，共801页。生产可能性边界阐明的概念效率权衡取舍机会成本经济增长第88页，共801页。4,000The Production Possibilities FrontierQuantity of ComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier第89页，共801页。4,000生产可能性边界计

47、算机产量汽车产量3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750生产可能性边界向外移动第90页，共801页。Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsMicroeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific marketsMacroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.How the markets, a

48、s a whole, interact at the national level.第91页，共801页。微观经济学与宏观经济学微观经济学 的研究对象是经济中的个体。家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在特定市场上相互交易。宏观经济学 研究经济总体现象。从总体上看，各种市场在国家水平上如何相互影响。第92页，共801页。Two Roles of Economists经济学家的两个角色When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. 当他们努力去解释世界时，他们是科学家。When they are trying to

49、change the world, they are policymakers. 当他们想要改变世界时，他们是政策顾问。第93页，共801页。Positive versus Normative AnalysisPositive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.Called descriptive analysisNormative statements are statements about how the world should be.Called prescriptive analysis第94页，共

50、801页。实证分析与规范分析实证表述 是企图描述世界是什么的观点。被称为描述性分析。规范表述 是企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。被称为命令性分析。第95页，共801页。?Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.提高最低工资水平会导致最低技能工人的就业减少。Positive 实证性第96页，共801页。?Positive or Normative Statements

51、?实证性还是规范性表述？Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.较高的联邦赤字水平会导致利率上升。Positive 实证性第97页，共801页。?Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工资水平得到的利益比由此带来的稍微的就业减少造成的损失大Po

52、sitive 规范性第98页，共801页。?Positive or Normative Statements?实证性还是规范性表述？State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.应该允许州政府向烟草公司收取费用，用于治疗穷人当中与吸烟有关的疾病的费用。Positive 规范性第99页，共801页。Economists in Washington . . . . . serve

53、as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial第100页，共801页。华盛顿的经济学家 . . . . .在以下三个政府部门的政策制定过程中充当顾问：立法行政司法第101页，共801页。Economists in WashingtonSome government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:Department of CommerceBur

54、eau of Labor StatisticsCongressional Budget OfficeFederal Reserve Board第102页，共801页。华盛顿的经济学家一些收集经济数据并制定经济政策的政府部门:商务部劳工统计局国会预算办公室联邦储备委员会第103页，共801页。Why Economists Disagree为什么经济学家意见分歧They may disagree on theories about how the world works. 对关于世界如何运行的理论的正确性看法不同。They may hold different values and, thus,

55、different normative views. 他们可能有不同的价值观，因此就有不同的规范性观点。第104页，共801页。Table 2 Ten Propositions about Which Most Economists Agree第105页，共801页。大多数经济学家一直同意的10个主张主张以及经济学家同意的百分比1. 租金上限减少了可得到的住房数量和质量。（93）2. 关税和进口配额通常降低了普遍的经济福利。（93）3. 有伸缩性和浮动性的汇率提供了一种有效的国际货币协定。（90）4. 财政政策 例如，减税和（或）增加政府支出 对低于充分就业的经济有重要的刺激效应。（90）5.

56、 如果要平衡联邦预算，应该在经济周期中而不是每年中来实现。（85）6. 现金转移支付使领取者福利的增加大于等量现金的实物转移支付。（84）7. 巨额联邦预算赤字对经济有不利影响。（83）8. 最低工资增加了年轻人和不熟练工人中的失业。（79）9. 政府应该按“负所得税”的思路重建福利制度。（79）10. 排污税和可交易的污染许可证作为控制污染的方法优于实行污染上限。（78）第106页，共801页。SummaryEconomists try to address their subjects with a scientists objectivity.They make appropriate

57、assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them.Two simple economic models are the circular-flow diagram and the production possibilities frontier.第107页，共801页。小结经济学家像科学家一样客观地来研究他们的学科。为了理解周围的世界，经济学家进行适当的假设并建立简单的模型。两个简单的经济模型是经济循环图和生产可能性边界。第108页，共801页。SummaryThe fie

58、ld of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.Microeconomists study decisionmaking by households and firms in the marketplace. Macroeconomists study the forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.第109页，共801页。小结经济学分为两个领域：微观经济学和宏观经济学。微观经济学家研究市场中的家庭和企业所作的决策。

59、宏观经济学家研究影响整体经济的力量和趋势。第110页，共801页。SummaryEconomics relies on both positive and normative analysis.Positive statements is an assertion about how the world “is”。normative statements is an assertion about how the world “ought to be”.When economists make normative statements, they are acting more as poli

60、cy advisors than scientists.第111页，共801页。小结经济学依赖实证分析和规范分析。实证表述是关于世界是什么的论断。规范表述是关于世界应该是什么的论断。当经济学家做规范性表述时，与其说其是科学家，不如说其是政策顾问。第112页，共801页。SummaryEconomists who advise policymakers may offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in valuesAt ot