中西文化比较-思维模式教学课件

1、思维方式比较 Difference in mode of thinking between Western andChinese 第1页，共63页。What Is the mindset?第2页，共63页。Mindset (思维） Mindset means a nation or a region, in the long-term process of historical development, forms a habit of thinking and thinking program.It is a deep core of the national culture.第3页，共63

2、页。How Is The Mode of Thinking Formed?第4页，共63页。Mode of thinking 思维模式 Human thinking mainly consists of such elements as knowledge, ideology, methodology, intelligence, emotion, willpower, language and habits. The inter-relationship and interaction of these elements form a dynamic complex system known

3、 as the mode of thinking. 人类思维主要由知识、观念、方法、智力、情感、意志、语言、习惯等八大要素组成。这些要素相互联系，相互作用，形成思维模式这样一个动态复杂的系统。 第5页，共63页。Mode of thinking 思维模式 The mode of thinking is closely related to the worldview. It is the concentrated embodiment of all cultural and psychological properties and is shaped in a certain historic

4、al, social and geographical environment. 思维模式与世界观密切相关，它是各种文化心理素质的集中体现，它在一定的历史、社会、地理环境中形成。 Conversely, a persons established mode of thinking conditions and even determines his/her formation of judgment and pattern of behavior in a certain situation. 反过来，一个人定型的思维模式制约、甚至决定他/她在一定场合所形成的判断和行为。第6页，共63页。W-

5、C Difference in Mode of thinking 中西思维模式差异 The western mode is linear, inclined to dissect things into parts and analyze their relationships, stressing abstract reasoning and characterized mainly by its analytical nature.Linear analysis and circular synthesis 线析环综 The Chinese mode is circular, and te

6、nds to synthesize parts and examine the whole and emphasize the acquisition of intuitive insight with holistic thinking as its main feature. 西方模式如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理 ，以分析性思维为其主要特点。 中国模式犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟 ，以综合性思维为其主要特点。第7页，共63页。Analytical, abstract, logical分析性、抽象性、逻辑性 Holistic, imaginal, intuitive 整体性、

7、形象性、直觉性Concept, judgment, inference概念、判断、推理 Intuition, insight, imagination直觉、顿悟、想象 Western Mode Chinese Mode 第8页，共63页。 Referring to Western mode of thinking, Qian Xuesen (1986) said: “Abstractive thinking seems to be linear or branch-like. “抽象思维似乎是线型或枝型的。” 钱学森 Referring to Chinese mode of thinking,

8、 Shen Xiaolong (1990) said: “This is a circular dialectic mode of thinking with a strong plastic, flexible and stochastic nature. “这是一种有着极强可塑性、伸张性、随机性的圆式辩证思维方式。” 申小龙Mode of thinking 思维模式第9页，共63页。 Major Differences 主要差异 Chinese Mode 中国思维模式 Western Mode 西方思维模式第10页，共63页。 Holistic 整体 Analytical 分析1第11页，

9、共63页。 Intuitive 直觉 Logical 逻辑2第12页，共63页。 Imaginal 形象 Abstract 抽象3第13页，共63页。 Ethical 伦理 Cognitive 认知4第14页，共63页。 Fuzzy 模糊 Accurate 精确5第15页，共63页。 Intentional 意向 Objective 对象6第16页，共63页。 Convergent 求同 Divergent 求异7第17页，共63页。 Past-focused 后馈 Future-focused 前瞻8第18页，共63页。 Inward 内向 Outward 外向9第19页，共63页。 Ind

10、uctive 归纳 Deductive 演绎10第20页，共63页。Chinese ModeWestern ModeHolistic 整体性Analytical 分析性 Intuitive 直觉性Logical 逻辑性 Imaginal 形象性Abstract 抽象性Ethical 伦理型Cognitive 认知型 Fuzzy 模糊性Accurate 精确性Intentional 意向性Objective 对象性 Convergent 求同性Divergent 求异性 Past-focused 后馈性Future-focused 前瞻性 Inward 内向性Outward 外向性 Induct

11、ive 归纳型Deductive 演绎型 第21页，共63页。 Holistic 整体 Analytical 分析1第22页，共63页。What have you seen in the picture below?第23页，共63页。What have you seen in the picture ?Most American Students:(88.5%, May 27, 2011)Six tigers frolickingTigers playing aroundTigers skipping about Gamboling tigersTigers fightingTigers a

12、ttacking each otherTigers hunting for foodMost Chinese Students:(90.2%, April 17, 2011)Six tigers, Mountains, rocksWaterfalls, A stream,Pines and other treesGrass Autograph and seal第24页，共63页。 Holistic 整体 Holistic thinking involves an orientation to the context or field as a whole, including attentio

13、n to relationships between a focal object and the field, and a preference for explaining and predicting events on the basis of such relationships. Nisbett （2001） 整体思维倾向于把情境或场看作是一个整体，注重某一突出的物体及其场的关系，并凭借这种关系来解释和预见事物的情状。 Analytical 分析 Analytical thinking involves detachment of the object from its conte

14、xt, a tendency to focus on attributes of the object in order to assign it to categories, and a preference for using rules about the categories to explain and predict the objects behavior. 分析思维倾向于把物体从其情境中分离出来，关注该物体性质以便于归类，并注重运用归类的规则来解释和预见事物的情状。 分析思维倾向于把物体从其情境中分离出来，关注该物体性质以便于归类，并注重运用归类的规则来解释和预见事物的情状。

15、整体思维倾向于把情境或场看作是一个整体，注重某一突出的物体及其场的关系，并凭借这种关系来解释和预见事物的情状。第25页，共63页。 Holistic 整体 Analytical 分析 Westerners tend to be analytical and pay more attention to the key, or focal objects in a scene for example, concentration on the woman in the “Mona Lisa”, as opposed to the rocks and sky behind her. Chinese,

16、 by contrast, tend to be holistic. They look at the whole picture and rely on contextual information when making decisions and judgments about what they see. 西方人倾向于分析思维，更多地关注某一场景中的主要或突出物体，例如在“蒙娜丽莎”这幅画中，关注画中的人而非她身后的岩石与天空。 中国人倾向整体思维，他们往往观察整个画面，并依靠在情景中所获得的信息对所观察事物作出决定和判断。第26页，共63页。 Western Encyclopedia

17、 arranged by classification Animals, plants, objects are divided, sub-divided 西方的百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。 Classification Units of Plants and Animals:kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, species 界、门、纲、目、科、属、种 第27页，共63页。 Chinese Leishu A collection of political, social and ethical data arranged cir

18、cularly in an emperor-centered fashion. 中国古代类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。唐代艺文类聚、宋代太平御览、明代永乐大典、清代古今图书集成 第28页，共63页。 Western Articles Clear division in the organization of articles title, sub-title, chapters, sections,paragraphs topic sentences 西方文章，标题、章、节、段细分明切，段中一般都有主题句，脉路清晰，一目了然。 第29页，共63页。 Chinese Articles起承转合:

19、Introduction, elucidation, transition and summing-up着眼点： 首尾呼应，通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。 Unity, harmony, transition and correspondence are given much attention.第30页，共63页。 An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, a series of sub-divisions of that topic, each supported by ex

20、amples and illustrations, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea to prove something, or perhaps, to argue something. 英语说明文的语段通常以主题句开始，后接分支部分，每部分都有例证和解释，以阐发中心思想，并使这一语段中心思想与全文的其它思想相关联，以此来论证某一观点或提出某一观点。Robert B. Kaplan第31页，共63页。第32页，

21、共63页。Robert B. Kaplan Some oriental writing is marked by what may be called an approach by indirection. In this kind of writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be turning and turning in a widening gyre. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tange

22、ntial views, but the subject is never looked at directly. 东方人写的文章具有间接入题的特点，可以说，这种文章语段的展开，就像一个不断扩展的环在围绕着主题旋转，通过外围的观点展示主题，却从不直接入题。第33页，共63页。 Western medicine, examine parts of the body through tests, X-rays, NMR, etc. 西医看病，先给病人胸透、胃透、验血、验尿、核磁共振，分而检之，再作诊断。 Chinese medicine, general physical condition, p

23、ulse, complexion, tongue coating 中医看病，望、闻、问、切，注意的是全身性的综合症状 。第34页，共63页。 Western cuisine strictly-followed recipe,precise quantity of ingredientsregular, established procedure 西餐厨师烹饪，各种配料严格计量，操作程序步步分清。 Chinese cuisine casual mixing of ingredients more attention to the general effect of color, aroma an

24、d taste 中餐厨师并不在意配料的严格计量，而是注重色、香、味的总体效果。 第35页，共63页。 Western painting accurate one-by-one likeness in appearance with emphasis on details: lines, shades of color, light spectrum 西方油画注重一一对应的精确形似，通过线条、色彩、光线等细节刻意仿真。 Chinese Painting fuzzy resemblance in spirit or essence with emphasis on general effect b

25、y using imagination, exaggeration 中国画追求总体模糊神似，运用概括、夸张的手法及丰富的联想表现物象的神韵。第36页，共63页。 Intuitive 直觉 Logical 逻辑2第37页，共63页。 Intuitive 直觉 Logical 逻辑 Debate was prominent in ancient Greece, and logic was invented. Logic is applied by stripping away the meaning of statements and leaving only their formal struc

26、ture intact. This makes it easier to see whether an argument is valid or not. Intuition comes from experience, practice and the 6th sense. It is experience translated by wisdom. Intuitive thinking is nonlinear, like a spark emerging in the maze of illusions. It is the major way by which ancient Chin

27、ese saints perceived the world. 辩论风行于古代希腊，于是逻辑学问世。运用逻辑，就是剥去说话的意义，而只留下完整的形式结构，这样就比较容易看清某一论点是否成立。 直觉来自经验、实践和第六感觉，它是经验的睿智阐述。直觉思维是非线性的，犹如幻觉迷宫里突然出现的火花，它是中国古代圣哲感知世界的主要方法。第38页，共63页。 Western Logic Syllogism （三段论法） A 3-step argument:1. Major premise （大前提）2. Minor premise （小前提）3. Conclusion （结论）Aristotle form

28、al logic Bacon inductive method of scienceRussell mathematical logicHegel dialectical logic 亚里士多德 形式逻辑培根 科学归纳法 实证科学罗素 数理逻辑黑格尔 辩证逻辑第39页，共63页。Examples of Syllogism（三段论法举例）All women like shopping.Alice is a woman.Therefore Alice likes shopping.Whatever is M is P; S is M; Therefore S is P.All fruits gro

29、w on trees.The apple is a fruit.Therefore, the apple grows on trees.Either P or Q. Not P. Therefore, Q.Either Class A or Class B wins. Class A does not win. Therefore, Class B wins. 第40页，共63页。Logic and Accuracy Accuracy results from logical reasoning and the either/or mentality. 精确产生于逻辑推理与非此即彼的文化心态。

30、 The world could be understood through logical approaches to their meaning, without reference to the world of the senses. If the senses seemed to contradict conclusions reached from first principles and logic, it was the senses that had to be ignored. Plato 可以通过逻辑掌握意义，认识世界，而无须借助感觉。如果感觉与第一原则和逻辑所得出的结论

31、矛盾，就不必考虑感觉。 柏拉图 第41页，共63页。Logic and Accuracy Accuracy results from logical reasoning and the either/or mentality. 精确产生于逻辑推理与非此即彼的文化心态。 Of course we have to think accurately! Being the analytical, straight line guy that I am, I have a real problem with fuzzy thinking. I always prefer the straight lin

32、e approach. Lyman Reed 当然我们必须精确地思考！但作为一个分析型、直线型的人，我缺乏模糊思维能力，我总是喜欢直线的观点。 莱曼里德第42页，共63页。 Chinese Intuition Knowledge can be acquired without reasoning. 无思无虑始知道 庄子知北游 Creativity comes from rude awakening and spontaneous perceptiveness. 创造来自于顿悟和灵感。 Tao cannot be expressed by words and what can be done s

33、o is not Tao. Tao is motionless and shapeless. It can be handed down but not taught and can be attained but not displayed. 道不可言，言而非道，道无为无形，可传而不可受，可得而不可见。 庄子大宗师 第43页，共63页。 Chinese Intuition “豁然贯通”， 成语Understand the thorough meaning suddenly.“恍然大悟” 成语Be suddenly enlightened. 心净自悟，顿悟成佛 。 禅宗六祖坛经 Zen Bud

34、dhism A purified mind spontaneously attains perceptiveness and the natural insight enables one to become a Buddha.第44页，共63页。 Intuition and Fuzziness “道”、 “气”、“太极”Tao， Qi, Tai Chi书不尽言，言不尽意。 易经 What is written does not express all that one has to say;What is said does not convey all that is on ones mi

35、nd.道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。 道德经The Tao that can be explained is not an eternal Tao;The names that can be named are not eternal names.只可意会，不可言传。 成语It can be sensed but not expressed in words.第45页，共63页。 Logic（逻辑） Intuition（直觉）rational 理性 perceptual 感性definite 明晰 fuzzy 模糊precise 严谨 sagacious 睿智deductive 演绎 ind

36、uctive 归纳第46页，共63页。 Imaginal 形象 Abstract 抽象3第47页，共63页。a western diagram of lines of abstraction线型抽象a Chinese picture ofdouble-fish images双鱼形象第48页，共63页。天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。 Storms gather without warning in nature； bad luck befalls men overnight. Yang Hsien-yi The weather and human life are both unpredictab

37、le. Hawkes第49页，共63页。人无千日好，花无百日红。 Man cannot be always fortunate; flowers do not last forever. Nobody can always be happy. 疾风知劲草，患难见真情。 Strong winds test sturdy grass; calamities reveal true friendship. In calamities one sees true friendship. 第50页，共63页。在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。 In the sky, we will be two love

38、 birds flying together; on earth we will be twin branches on a tree. We will love and be loyal to each other forever.病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。 Sickness comes like a landslide but goes like reeling silk. Sickness comes suddenly but goes slowly. 第51页，共63页。Abstract conceptsardent loyalty total exhaustionwith great

39、eagernessfeed on fanciesat high speeddisappear completelybustling activity赤胆忠心 gall, heart筋疲力尽 tendon, sinew如饥似渴 hunger, thirst画饼充饥 drawn cake风驰电掣 wind, lightening烟消云散 smoke, cloud龙腾虎跃 dragon, tiger figures of speech第52页，共63页。 Ethical 伦理 Cognitive 认知4第53页，共63页。 Ethical 伦理 Cognitive 认知 Western mode o

40、f thinking is exterior-oriented, giving more attention to the cognitive exploration of Nature (the objective world), with emphasis on science and theories. Chinese mode of thinking is interior-oriented, focusing more on the moral inquiry into human nature (the subjective world) with emphasis on ethi

41、cs and social practice. 西方思维模式是外向的，关注对客观世界（大自然）进行认知探索，重视科学与理论。 中国思维模式是内向的，关注对主观世界（人性）进行道德探索，重视人伦与社会实践。第54页，共63页。 Ethical 伦理 Cognitive 认知Ontology Cosmology Epistemology Methodology仁义礼智信忠恕孝悌本体论宇宙论认识论方法论benevolence righteousnesscourtesy wisdomreliabilityloyaltyforgivenessfilial pietyrespect for elders第55页，共63页。 Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), line of conquest (Macedonia, Greece, Palestine, Syria, Iran, India, Egypt) 亚历山大大帝戎