基础英语教学EducationalMethods课件

1、Educational MethodsThe bag of tricksDirect Instruction/LectureAdvantagesTeacher controlled Many objectives can be mastered in a short amount of timeLends to valid evaluationsDirect Instruction/LectureDisadvantagesTeacher controlled Student involvement is limited to the teacherDepends in part to rote

2、 learning (repetition from memory, often without meaning)Direct Instruction/LectureWhen to use?When the objectives indicate effectivenessWhen the teacher determines that it is the best use of time & effortSix steps in Direct InstructionReview previously learned materialState objectives for the lesso

3、nPresent new materialGuide practice with corrective feedbackAssign independent practice with corrective feedbackReview periodically with corrective feedback if necessary1. Review previously learned materialA short review before/with the new lessons interest approachCheck & grade previous homeworkPut

4、 problems on the board (can be part of bell-work)Re-teach if necessary2. State objectives for the lessonStudents should know what is to be taughtStated ClearlyWritten on the boardHanded outFollow the objectivesUse them to develop evaluations3. Present new materialYour teaching depends on your analys

5、is and preparationOrganizing ContentFrom general to specificFrom lower level objectives to higherFrom previous information to new material3. Present new materialLecturesBe aware of attention spans _ minutes (20)Be aware of the number of major points made _ (5)Be repetitiousReview and summarize3. Pre

6、sent new materialDemonstrationsLearning Activity, experiment, demonstrationWOW em!Allow students to practice immediately4. Guided practice with corrective feedbackGuided and independent practiceTeacher controls & monitors guidedTeacher evaluates & corrects independentQuestions should be prepared in

7、advance5. Assign independent practice with corrective feedbackHomeworkA formative step not a summative stepWorksheets 6. Review periodically with corrective feedback if necessaryCheck homework promptlyBase new instruction on resultsRe-teach if necessaryOther Teaching TechniquesBrainstormingSituation

8、s for use:Generate ideas (quantity is more important than quality)Students have some level of experiencePlanning Required:Formulate the questionPlan for recording ideasBrainstorming StepsPose question to classGenerate ideas with groupAccept all ideas (do not criticize)Go back to summarizeDiscard “un

9、acceptable” or unworkable ideasDetermine the best solution(s)Supervised StudyCommon technique used in problem solving instruction, but certainly not the only technique appropriate for problem solving instruction.Also a major technique used in competency-based education programs.Often misused techniq

10、ue. A really bad form of this technique is: Read the chapter in the textbook and answer the questions at the end of the chapter.Would be classified as an individualized instruction technique.Supervised StudySituations Appropriate for UseDiscovery or inquiry learning is desiredAccess to good referenc

11、e materials (textbooks, extension publications, web resources, industry publications, etc.)Students may need to “look up” informationMay be alternate answers that are acceptableMany structured lab activities are actually a form of supervised studySupervised StudyStrengths:Provides skills in learning

12、 that are useful throughout students lives. They need to know how to locate and analyze information.Recall is enhanced when student have to “look up” information, rather than being lectured to.Students have to decide what information is important and related to the question posed.Opportunity for stu

13、dents to develop writing and analytical skills.Supervised StudyWeaknesses:Easy for students to get off-task.Students may interpret questions differently and locate incorrect information (practicing error).Unmotivated students will do the absolute minimum.Students tend to copy information from source

14、s rather than analyze and synthesize informationRequires more time than lectureRelies on students being able to read and comprehend information at the appropriate levelSupervised StudyProcedures in Conducting Supervised Study:Teacher develops a list of study questions for students to answer.Resource

15、s and reference materials are located or suggested to students as possible sources of answers.Students are given time in class to find answers to the questions and to record the answers in their notes.Note: Due to time constraints, teachers may want to assign different questions to specific students

16、, so that every student is not looking for the same information.Summary consists of discussing the correct answers to the questions with the entire class.Note: Teachers must be careful to emphasize that incorrect answers must be corrected.Supervised StudyRole of the Teacher:Develop a list of study q

17、uestions that focus on the objectives of the lessonDevelop the anticipated answers to the questions-it is important that the teacher have a firm idea of what are correct or incorrect answers.Establish time frame for completing the activity. Students need to feel a sense of urgency, so dont give them

18、 more time than you think they will need.Supervise during this activity. NOT A TIME TO GRADE PAPERS, MAKE PHONE CALLS, PLAN FOR THE NEXT LESSON, OR LOCATE THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS IN THIS LESSON!Assist students in locating information, but do not find it for them.Keep students on task and elimin

19、ate distractions.Plan for reporting of answersSmall Group DiscussionAlso Called:Buzz GroupsHuddle GroupsPhillips 666 people per group6 ideas to be generated6 minutesSmall Group DiscussionAdvantages:Increased participationGood for generating ideasCooperative activity (students learn from each other)S

20、mall Group DiscussionPlanning RequiredClearly form the question or topicDevelop a plan for grouping the studentsPlan for reportingSummarize the activity (what they should have learned)Small Group DiscussionConducting Small Group DiscussionWrite question or topic on board or handoutGive specific inst

21、ructions on how the group will operateEstablish time limitsCirculate among the groups to help keep them on task (Not as a participant!)Give warning near end of time allocatedReports: Rotate among the groups for answersRole PlaySituations for use:Introducing a lessonChecking for understandingSummariz

22、ingRole PlayPlanning Required:ScriptMinimum: key points to coverSteps:Role play SummaryTips:Keep it shortUse to make a single point, not several pointsGamesSituations for use:Motivate studentsReviewsCheck for understandingStrengths:Active learning techniqueAppeals to competitive studentsHigh interest levelGamesPlanning RequiredGame must be developed by teacherRules must be established. Try to anticipate all potential situations that might occur. You do not want the effectiveness of the activity to be destroyed by arguments over rules.Develop a plan for determining t