2021年高考英语真题分类汇编：专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文

1、 专题十六阅读理解之科普类说明文1.【2020 湖北卷】DThe oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms in side or outside the sleepi ng bag. If you leave your arms

2、out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dan cerTm an in side guy/ Mike Hopki ns says, who returned from a six-m onth tour on the In ternational Space Stati on. I like to be wrapped up/On the stati on, the ordi nary becomes str a nge. The

3、 exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat.With no gravity, its just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer any where you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.

4、Without gravity to help circulate air; the car bon dioxide you exhale （呼气）has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carb on-dioxide headache.Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what happens even

5、 before you float out of your seat/Your inner ear thinks yourre falli ng . Mean while your eyes are telli ng you youre standing straight. That can be annoyingthats why some people feel sick. Within a couple days truly terrible days for some astr on auts brai ns lear n to ign ore the pan icky signals

6、 from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time in visibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. Thats why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday sc

7、hedule. The focus on fitness is as much about scienee and the future as it is about keepi ng any in dividual astr on auts return home, and, more importa ntly, how to main tain strength and fitn ess for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.What is the major

8、 challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?Deciding on a proper sleep positionChoosing a comfortable sleeping bagSeeking a way to fall asleep quicklyFinding a right time to go to sleep.The astr on auts will suffer from a carb on-dioxide headache whe nthe y circle around on their bikesthey use

9、 microcomputers without a stopthey exercise in one place for a long timethey watch a movie while pedaling65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because.their senses stop workingthey have to stand up straightthey float out of their seats unexpectedlywhether they are abl

10、e to go back to the station66.0ne of the NASAs major concerns about astronauts is.how much exercise they do on the stationhow they can remain healthy for long in spacewhether they can recover after returning homewhether they are able to go back to the station【解析】试题分析：这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙: 在太空睡觉时

11、，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇 航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到 矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员 主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健 康。A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.可知在太空 睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。C细节理解题。根据第三段中But station residents have to be

12、 careful about staying in one place too long.You can end up with what astron auts call a carb on-dioxide headache 可矢口宇航员在一个地 方运动久了会岀现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。D 细节理解题。根据第四段中Your inner ear thinks youre failing. Mean while your eyes are telli ng you youre standing straight. That can be annoying-thats why some people

13、 feel sick.可知宇航员在大脑接 收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any in dividual astronaut healthy.NASA is worried about two things :and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness可知美国国家 宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。

14、故 选B项。【考点定位】说明文阅读【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章 逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力 以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意：1.平时多读科普 知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高 科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章 一般由标题（高考题屮一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结 尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实 的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的 重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导 语相呼应，命题者常在此

15、要设计一道推理判断题。3.在进行推理 判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所 得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。2020 北京卷】CLife in the ClearTran spare nt an imals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feetas far as m

16、ost light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johrisen, a scientist in biology, says, These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless theyre eating it, or unless something is eating them/And they are as clear as gla

17、ss. How does an animal become see-through? Its trickier than you might think.The objects around you are visible because they in teract with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter（散身寸）light, bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light,

18、stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.But a tran spare nt object does rft absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a

19、 tran spare nt object does nt look very differe nt from the surrounding air or water. You dont see it -you see the things behind it.To become tran spare nt, an an imal n eeds to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments（色素）that ab

20、sorb specific colors of light. But a tran spare nt an imal does r/t have pigme nts, so its tissues wont absorb light. According to Johrisen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.Animals are built of many different materials-skin, fat, and more-

21、and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Tran spare nt an imals use differe nt tricks to fight scatteri ng. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easi

22、er to be seethrough. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jellylie（果冻状白勺）material and spread themselves over it.Larger tran spare nt an imals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They

23、need to look uniform. But how theyre doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger an imals, staying tran spare nt is an active process. Whe n they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.According to Paragraph 1, transpare nt animals.stay in groupsB. can be easily damagedC. ap

24、pear only in deep oceanD. are beautiful creaturesThe underlined word dead in Paragraph 3 means.silentlyB. graduallyC. regularly D. completelyOne way for an an imal to become tran spare nt is to.cha nge the directi on of light travelgather materials to scatter light.avoid the absorption of lightgrow

25、bigger to stop light.The last paragraph tells us that larger tran spare ntanimals.move more slowly in deep waterstay see-through even after deathproduce more tissues for their survivaltake effective action to reduce light spreading【解析】试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理， 以及形成机制。B细节理解题。文章第一段第三行：Mostof them

26、are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple toucho 得知I B 选项：透明动 物是很容易受伤的。故选B。D词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了： 你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的 吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程屮就完全阻止了，因此这里 dead是完全的意思。故选D。C推理判断题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。 可 知

27、，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其屮的一个方法是C 选项，避免光线的吸收。故选C。66.D推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does 可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。【考点定位】科技类说明文【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义， 理解文屮具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据 文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此次出现了新型科技类说 明文。往年

28、科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的 “新型耳机在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题 目。所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。2020 江苏】BIn the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cellphones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistsnts. The electronic waste st

29、ream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concent

30、ration （含量）of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in

31、 practically uncon trolled ways which allow many pois onous substa nces to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the m

32、ines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging（包装）it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmentai Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products

33、as well as management of the resulting waste all result in greenhouse gas release/ Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.In many coun tries the con cept of exte nded producer responsibility is being consider

34、ed or has been put in place as an incentive （动机）for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Gover nmen ts in centive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce

35、 is usually based on iimoney. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap （气泡垫）that encased your television?From the go ver nmen ts” point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the

36、 physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us thatthe weight of e-goods is rather smallE-waste deserves to be made good use ofnatural min erals con tain more precious metalsthe percen

37、tage of precious metals is heavy in e-wasteThe responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extendedfrom producers to governmentsfrom governments to producersfrom individuals to distributorsfrom distributors to governmentsWhat does the passage mainly talk about?The in crease in e-waste.The creation

38、 of e-waste.The seriousness of e-waste.The management of e-waste.【解析】 试题分析：本文是一篇科普说明文。文章王要介绍了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。丸.B推理判断题。文童第一段舌诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接看第二段首句指出： 电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用&wi；ss study佐证这一观点，因此可以推知电子垃圾值得充分 利用0故选B项0B细节理解题。文童第六、七、八三段围绕性产者责任延伸展幵的，最后一段做了总结，根据伽primary goal of laws requiring exten

39、ded producer respons.ibilityr is to transler both the costs and the physical respon5itilitr of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the pr-oducers ” 可知 B 项正确 是对该句的 同义压缩。故选B项。D主旨大意题。纵观全文，文童先描述了废弃电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接看指出电子垃圾的可以 用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对废弃电子产品的管理不善造成的；最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定 的责任。故选D项。【

40、考点定位】科普说明文阅读【名师点睛】科普类文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语 篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的理解和推理能力。文章 选材时代气息浓厚，与经济、科技的发展和变化密切相关。考生应 注意：1平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科 普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的 结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题屮一般不给出标题）、 导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首 段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细 叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也是中 心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题

41、者常在此要设计一道推理判 断题。3.在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科 学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。CSuppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what kee

42、ps their interest in the work.Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to st re

43、ngthe n social relatio nships. If volu nteer positio ns do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to un d erst a nd the motivati ons of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To in crease levels o

44、f community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift peoples wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., I volun teer b ecause its importa nt to me) to an ext er nal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because Km required to do so). W

45、hen that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have con ducted

46、 follow-up studies in which they track volun teers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most importa nt factors that in flue need their satisfacti on as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Alth

47、ough this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to utraining methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experienee.Another stud

48、y of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on in dividual differe nces in the degree to which people view “volunteer as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue vo

49、lunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by resp on ding to stateme nts such as “Vol un teering in Hospital is an important part of who I am. Consistent with the researchers expectations, they found a positive correlation （正相关）between the st re ngth of role i

50、de ntity and the len gth of time people con tinued to volun teer. These results, once agai n, lead to con Crete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly f

51、or their contributions can help st re ngthe n role ide ntity.People volunteer mainly out of.academic requirementsB. social expectationsC. financial rewardsin ter nal n eedsWhat can we learn from the Florida study?Follow-up studies should last for one year. B. Volunteersshould get men tally prepared.

52、C. Strategy training is a must in research.D. Volunteers areprovided with con Crete advice.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?In dividual differe nces in role ide ntity.B. Publiclyidentifiable volunteer T-shirts.C. Role identity as a volunteer.D. Practical advicefrom r

53、esearchers.What is the best title of the passage?A. How to Get People to VolunteerB. How to StudyVolunteer BehaviorsC. How to Keep Volunteers InterestD. How toOrganize Volunteer Activities【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇议论文。文章分析讲述志愿者为什么自发地 去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。61. D细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容可知人们做志愿者工作的 原因为： “to express persona

54、l values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relati on ships” ,再结合 “If volu nteer positi ons do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate ” 可知答案为 D 项（满足 内在的需求）。B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中utraining methods that would prepare volunteers for tro

55、ublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience ” 可矢口志 愿者应该从心理上做好充分的准备。故选B项。C细节理解题。根据第五段第二句屮uthose people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work可知志愿者身份认同会激励 他们继续从事

56、志愿者工作。故选C项。A标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人, 很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指岀在此Z前，必须弄清志愿者为什么 自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A 项（如何使人们从事志愿者服务）是文章的最佳标题。【考点定位】议论文阅读【名师点睛】议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1. 一般按提出问题、 分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活屮的热点问 题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。 然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述 观点，提出办法，即解决问题。2.以作者的观点或情感为核心， 对细节推理等方面进行考查。

57、3.文章的主题一般是生活屮的热点 问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。考生应注意抓住作者 提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。同时，理清作为论据 的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论Z间的内在联系，把 握文章的结构。5. 2020 广东】CDaniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes its important to distinguish televisions influences on children from those of the family. We tend to blame TV, he says, for p

58、roblems it doesnt really cause, overlooki ng our own roles in shaping childrens min ds.One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a childs ability to think and to un d erst a nd the world. While watching TV, children do not merely absorb words and images （影像） Instead, they learn both

59、 explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually, children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore, as many teachers agree, children un d erst a nd far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words and ideas. Yet, most parents use an educational progr

60、am as a chanee to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of en tertai nment. But accordi ng to Anders on, the amount of time spent watching television is not related to reading ability. TV doesnt