大学生物专业英语lesson one

1、English for Biology Students主讲教师：苏平1Lesson oneInside the living cell: Structure and function of internal cell parts1. Cytoplasm2. The Nucleus3. Organelles4. The Cytoskeleton5. Cellular Movements2 使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），以及结构与功能之间的关系。各细胞器及功能相关英语词汇以及主要用法。 各细胞器的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握 专业词汇的记忆教学难点教学重点教学

2、目的341.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile factory细胞质：动力工厂cytoplasm ：n.生细胞质cytoplasmic : adj.生细胞质的organelle: n.生细胞器cytoskeleton : n.细胞骨架5Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which i

3、s bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane.细胞的大部分物质由半流体物质组成，并且是由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。6Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. 细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed fo

4、r cell functioning.细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。72. The nucleus: information central细胞核：信息中心 The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，在其染色体上携带有

5、遗传物质（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。 8nucleus n. 细胞核 eukaryote n.真核生物eukaryotic adj. 真核状态的 chromosome n.生物染色体prokaryote n. 原核生物 hereditary adj. 遗传(性)的nucleoid n.生类核,拟核nucleolus n.核仁 Nucleoli： nucleolus 的复数Perforate vt.穿孔于, 打眼洞于; 刺贯穿于；打一排孔于(邮票等)以便于撕开ribosome n.生化核糖体9The nucleus also contains one or two organellest

6、he nucleolithat play a role in cell division. 细胞核也含有一或二个核仁，它在细胞分裂中发挥作用（核仁促进细胞分裂）。 A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.穿孔的囊状核被膜将细胞核及其内容物与细胞质分开. 核膜贯穿许多小孔 10Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecule

7、s such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。1112The cell nucleus is a remarkable organelle because it forms the package for our genes and their controlling factors. It functions to: Store genes on chromosomesOrganize genes into chromosomes to all

8、ow cell division. Transport regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores Produce messages ( messenger Ribonucleic acid or mRNA) that code for proteins Produce ribosomes in the nucleolus Organize the uncoiling of DNA to replicate key genes133. Organelles: Specialized Work Units细胞器：特殊的功能单元 All

9、 eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器在细胞里都有其特定功能。 1415studded v.布满颗粒,打上装饰钉,镶嵌steroid n.生化类固醇shunt v.逃避， 调开Phagocytosis n. 吞噬作用、胞吞作用Pinocytosis n. 胞饮作用Lysosome 溶酶体Mitochondria 线粒体Glossary

10、（术语表） of part 316leucoplast n.白色体Chromoplast n.植色素母细胞, 成色素细胞; 有色体chloroplast n.植叶绿体grana granum的复数Granum n. 植叶绿体基粒stroma n. 基质17Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells.本节主

11、要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。 18 The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. 细胞里的核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千. This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. 这个

12、数量反应了这个事实:核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质（细胞活动所需要的） 的重要场所。A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. 完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。19 During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. 在蛋白质合成的过程中,

13、核糖体的两个亚基沿着mRNA移动,并阅读遗传密码（编码于其中的遗传信息），翻译成蛋白质。Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome.多个核糖体可能附着于一条mRNA链上，这个结合体称为多聚核糖体。202122Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. 大多数细胞蛋白是在细胞质的核糖体上合成。Exportable proteins and

14、membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.分泌蛋白（输出蛋白）和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。23The endoplamic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER).内质网，带有花边的膜囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。Both types play roles in the synthesis

15、 and transport of proteins. 两种类型的内质网都在蛋白质的合成和运输中发挥作用。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。 24The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.糙面内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能是细胞分裂后核被膜的来源。（粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的核被膜。）25SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthes

16、is of fats and steroid and in the oxidation of toxic substance in the cell.光面内质网上缺乏核糖体，主要作用是在脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化过程中起作用。光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。26Both types of endoplamic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted t

17、o particular areas in or outside the cell.两种类型的内质网如同细胞内的一个车间,将特殊的产物分离,然后分选到细胞内外的特殊区域.两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。 27Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. 转运小泡能够将分泌蛋白从内质网运输到高尔基体上。运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。28W

18、ithin the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm. 分子在高尔基体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其它场所。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。29Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. 细

19、胞中的液泡看起来象是中空的囊，但实际上是充满了液体和可溶分子。The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules. 最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水分，糖以及其它分子。30Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar

20、drinking). 动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。A subset of vacuoles is the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. 溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged ce

21、ll parts.该细胞器可以消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。31Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells.线粒体是细胞中化学产能反应的场所。In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis.另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用过程中利用光能合成碳水化合物.32 It is o

22、n the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located.ATP酶是位于线粒体内嵴上的很大的表面区域。线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着ATP酶。Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.线粒体是自我复制的，并且可能是

23、由自由生活的原核生物进化而来的 。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。 33There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, protein, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigment. 质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；有色体(色质体) ，含有色素。The most important chromoplasts are

24、chloroplastsorganelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. 叶绿体是最重要的有色体(色质体)，含有在光合作用中发挥作用的的叶绿素。34The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded, in a matrix called the stroma. 叶绿体的内部结构包括包埋于基质中的由多层膜构成的基粒。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在

25、基质中的基粒称子座。 354. The cytoskeleton细胞骨架 36Glossary of part 4convoluted adj.旋绕的,费解的latticework n.格子Microfilament n.生微丝,微纤丝(细胞骨架系统成分之一) Long, fiber-like structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement.Contract

26、ile adj.会缩的, 有收缩性的37Actin n.肌动蛋白， a globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction.Myosin: n. 肌球蛋白, a protein that, with actin, constitutes the principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.microtubule n.生微管, small,

27、hollow tubes of protein that function throughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement.38tubulin n.生微管蛋白 a protein that is the major constituent of microtubules.Mechanoenzymes:动力酶，动力蛋白dynein n.生动力蛋白a group of at least four distinct proteins found in the flagella and microtu

28、bules of eukaryotic cells and possessing ATPase activity.Kinesin: n. 驱动蛋白394. The cytoskeleton细胞骨架 All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organell

29、es. 所有的真核细胞都有细胞骨架，它是由充满细胞所有可利用空间并支撑各种其它细胞器的微丝和微管构成的网络结构.网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间,并且对细胞器提供支持作用。40A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. 细胞骨架大部分由线状的微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。41They are involved in many types of intracellular m

30、ovements in plant and animal cells.动植物细胞中的许多种类型细胞内运动都与微丝（肌动蛋白）有关。 A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells.第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。42Another main structure component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and tog

31、ether act as scaffolding that provides a stable cell shape.细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，它是由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。43Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm. 细胞骨架的中间纤维提供了细胞质伸缩动力。Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin interact with the cytoskelet

32、al filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白等这些机械酶与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。机械酶（例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白）与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。 445. Cellular movements细胞运动 45New words of part 5chemotaxis n.动物化学向性,生物趋化现象, 趋药性whiplike adj.鞭子似的,像鞭子的cilia n. 纤毛; cilium n.cilia的单数flagella n. 鞭毛Ba

33、sal body 基体centriole n.生细胞中心粒,中心体465. Cellular movements细胞运动 Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to cells, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping or gliding. 尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。47Such movements require a solid su

34、bstance to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry of the surface.这些运动需要一个用于细胞附着的固体底层,并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。 Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.某些细胞具备趋化性（趋药性），即趋向或逃离正在扩散的化学源。48Certai

35、n eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella.某些真核细胞能在液体环境中自由游泳运动 ，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。49Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. 纤毛和鞭毛具有相同的内部结构：九个二联管环形排列，纵向延伸纤毛或鞭毛，另外的两个微管沿着环中心分布。九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。 50A cross section of a