词汇专有名词定义

1、1linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.“lexikon”means“wordorphrase”“logie”means“learningorthestudyof”4Lexicologymeans“scienceoftheword”.5Semantics:thestudyofthemeaningsofwordsandotherpartsoflanguage.6Etymology:studiesthemeanings,originandhistoryofindividualwordsandtheirdevelopment.7P

2、hraseology（成语学）：mainlydealswithsetexpressionsandidioms.8awordis“aminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction”.9Vocabulary:Totalnumberofwordsthatmakeupalanguage.10Basicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.11St

3、ability.Wordsofthebasicwordstockhavebeeninuseforcenturies,12Productivity.Wordsofthebasicstockaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords.13Polysemy.Wordsbelongingtothebasicwordstockoftenpossessmorethanonemeaning14Collocability.Manywordsofthebasicwordstockenterquiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,p

4、roverbialsayingsandthelike.Instancesarenumerous.15Argotgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.16Dialectalwordsarewordsusedonlybyspeakersofthedialectinquestion.17Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.18Neologisms-arenewly-createdwordsorexpressi

5、ons.19Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.20Translation-loans.Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.21Semantic-loans.Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferen

6、cetotheform.22Sothethreesoundsarecalledphonemesratherthanmorphemes.23themorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords24Allomorphs（词素变体/语素变体/形位变体）donotoccuratrandom,butarephoneticallyconditionedandthuspredictable:25Afreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.26Morphemes（粘附词素）whic

7、hcanmotoccur（standalone）asseparatewordsareboundmorphemes.27boundrootisthatpartofwordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.28Affixes:affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction（allaffixesareboundmorphemes）.29derivationalaffixes:areaffixesaddedtoothermorphe

8、mestocreatenewwords.30Affixation（词缀法）isgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formorderivationalaffixestostems.affixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation.31Prefixation前缀法istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.32Suffixation后缀法istheformationofwordsbyaddingsuffixesto

9、stems.33compound复合句isalexicalunitconsistingmorethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.34Conversion（词类转化法/转类法）istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisisamethodofturningwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofadifferentpartofspeech.35Blending（拼缀法）is

10、aprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.36Clipping截短法istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.37Acronymy（首字母拼音法）istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesand

11、technicalterms38Initialisms首字母缩略（合）词arewordspronouncedletterbyletter.Thelettersareseparatedbyperiods,butmostofthemhavenoperiodsbetweenletters.39Acronyms（首字母拼音词）arewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.40Back-formation（逆生法）Back-formationistheprocessofcreatinganewwordsbyremovingareal

12、orsupposedsuffix.41Reduplication（重叠法/递接法）Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetitionofonewordortwowordswithachangeeitherinvowelorinconsonant.42Analogy类比Analogyisaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords（newlycreatedonesorexistingones）.43Onomatopo

13、eia（=echoism）（拟声法/拟声词Onomatopoeia:Theformationofawordfromasound.44Connotativemeaning（内涵意义）connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawordsuggestsorimplies.45Connotativemeaningisunstable,varyingconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.46Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeakersattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.47Polysemy（多义关系）Polysemyisacommonfeaturetoallnaturallanguages.48Perfecthomonyms（完全同形同音异义词）arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,49Homographs（同形异音异义词）arewordsidenticalonlyspellingbutdiffere