2022年中国矿业大学《大地测量学基础》与GPS及现代定位技

1、目录 前言 . 11 一、实习地区介绍 . 22 1-1 实习地区所在地理位置 . 22 1-2 交通情形 . 221-3 地势地物（包括植被）概况. 221-4 吃住条件 . 22 1-5 已知掌握点利用情形 . 22 二、执行规范名称 . 22三、掌握网的布设、作业方案和作业组织 . 223-1 掌握网示意图 . 333-2 起算数据 . 443-3 实习的任务和分工 . 443-4 GPS 观测 . 55四、参与选点、埋石工作 . 554-1 综述 . 554-2 点之记 . 55五、仪器检验 . 775-1 规范规定的检验 . 775-2 光学对点器检验 . 885-3 水准仪器检验

2、. 88六、 GPS 静态相对定位测量 . 10106-1 使用仪器 . 10106-2 观测方法 . 10106-3 数据处理方法 . 11116-4 最终供应成果 . 1111七、水平角观测 . 20227-1 使用仪器及仪器状况 . 20227-2 观测方法 . 20227-3 对规范中操作规定的看法与体会. 21217-4 观测记录成果及成果质量 . 2121八、水准测量 . 22228-1 施测等级 . 22228-2 使用仪器及仪器检查情形. 22228-3 施测方法 . 2222 8-4 精密水准观测留意事项 . 23238-5 观测记录成果及成果质量 九、电磁波测距及三角高程测

3、量. 2323 . 24249-1 使用仪器 . 2424 9-2 观测方法 . 24249-3 观测记录成果及成果质量. 24249-4 三角测量高差与级水准高差比较 . 2424十、实习过程中遇到的困难和问题,解决问题的方法及作业体会. 2525十一、内业运算 . 252511-1 外业资料的检查验收情形. 252511-2 GPS 网测量概算 . 2626 11-3 导线网概算 . 2626 11-4 水准网概算 . 2828 十二、完成任务情形统计 . 2929 十三、收成、体会、建议 . 3030前言大地测量学是测绘工程专业的一个重要的技术基础课；通过实习,对观测、记录、运算等基本功

4、的 训练,提高动手才能和解决实际问题的才能；通过实习,增强个人工作的责任感,培育关怀集体、团结 互助的团队精神；1. 实习目的（1）进一步巩固、加深大地测量学、GPS的有关理论学问；（2）娴熟把握大地测量学、GPS所使用的一起及观测方法,提高掌握测量实践才能；（3）培育和提高解决实际问题及组织社会生产的治理才能；（4）进行喜爱测绘事业的训练；2. 本次实习的性质这次的实习是关于“ 大地测量学” 以及“二等水准测量的才能；3. 实习时间和实习地点GPS及现代定位技术” 这个主题；为了加强一级导线以及实习地点：南湖校区教学与生产实习基地三号测区实习支配：外业测量任务时间：2022 年 7 月 1

5、日 -2022 年 7 月 10 日内业概算及平差运算处理时间：4. 实习的组织和支配2022 年 7 月 11 日-2022 年 7 月 14 日我在测绘 10-2 班第 4 组实习；本组共5 人；成员如下：罗京辉 组长 ,达吾列提,朱建伟,眺望,王如云；平常主要由我负责每天的支配及任务调度以及内业运算；一、实习地区介绍 1-1 实习地区所在地理位置实习地区为矿大南湖校区教学与生产实习基地详细为 学院、建筑工程学院、治理学院；1-2 交通情形测区内道路畅通,交通相对来说比较便利；1-3 地势地物（包括植被）概况3 号测区；测区主要包含运算机学院、理测区内基本上都是学院楼,道路两旁有树木,测区

6、内包含两座桥,高差相对较大；通视情形基本上可以；1-4 吃住条件吃住自力更生,较便利；1-5 已知掌握点利用情形本测区有一个已知掌握点 I24 ,其平面 X、Y 坐标需要通过 GPS测量测得；这就需要对学校的一些点和外面已知的三个点 E088、泉山点、 汉王点进行 GPS网型设计； 再通过 GPS网平差, 求出 I24 点的坐标；水准通过环测学院 S00 点构成闭合环,进行观测；其中,S00 点的高程需通过从泉山点引来；二、执行规范名称（1）全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范 GB/T 18314-2022 ；（2）全球定位系统城市测量技术规程CJJ73-97 ；（3）工程测量规范GB50026-

7、2022；（4）城市测量规范CJJ8-99 ；（5）国家一、二等水准测量规范GB/T 12897-91 ；（6）国家三、四等水准测量规范GB12898-91；（7）国家三角测量规范GB/T17942-2022 ；三、掌握网的布设、作业方案和作业组织3-1 掌握网示意图GPS网：导线网：水准网：实际布设观测站时可能与图上有所差异,其中 I5 点在水准观测时由于距离较短及跨过公路和其他一系列缘由,所以去掉,改为在 I24 和 L6之间布设 4 站,中途经过一落差较大的桥；3-2 起算数据点号XYH（56 高程）备注汉王3784070.114511258.48155.950054 坐标3784023

8、.786511206.00380 坐标泉山（ QSGY）3788109.4670514667.667754 坐标E0883787813.059513642.03439.966454 坐标I0913787766.762513589.52039.96980 坐标3788499.461512613.23051.84954 坐标E1023788453.155512560.70651.84980 坐标3784070.114511258.48147.87054 坐标S0036.607概略高程3-3 实习的任务和分工实习任务：全班共同完成一个测区的平面掌握网及高程掌握网的布设、观测及平差运算的全部工作；详细

9、任务是：（1）全班进行选点、埋石的实践训练（2）全班共同完成如干 GPS点的静态相对定位观测（3）全组完成全站仪、一台水准仪及一对水准标尺的检验和记录（4）全组共同完成至少一条导线的水平角、垂直角的观测工作；每人独立完成至少2 个测站点的水平角和垂直角的观测工作,没人独立完成至少2 个测站点的全部记录工作；（5）全组共同完成一条导线的测距工作；（假如全站仪可同时进行角度与距离的观测）（6）全组共同完成一条导线上如干测段的二等水准观测工作；每个人都有不少于 10 站的观测和记 录工作；（7）每人独立完成一份平面掌握网和高程掌握网的概算及平差运算；（8）每人编写一份实习报告；实习分工：在导线测中,

10、两人看管棱镜,一人操作全站仪,一人记数,一人打伞；在二等水准测量中需要两人 立尺,一人水准仪读数,一人记数,一人打伞,敏捷把握；三角高程测量与导线测量同步进行；3-4 GPS 观测GPS观测由四个班联合作业,共同完成GPS外业测量工作（主要由G-S 组完成）；其中,每个人独立对 GPS观测数据进行解算；每个人联合全部数据完成GPS水准高程运算；详细实施方法：20 个组分别调一名成员共同组成G-S 组,组员 20 人,依据领取GPS接收机数量分配人数,共同测定每组的导线起算点坐标,四、参与选点、埋石工作4-1 综述GPS组共同和谐设计观测方案；在实地确定掌握点的详细位置,力争做到点位安全牢靠,便

11、于观测和储存,点间相互通视,掌握网的图形结构良好；在实地设立测量标志,埋设标石；其几何中心表示点位；详细见 3-1 掌握网示意图；4-2 点之记依据测区实际情形供挑选 13 个点,详细点之记如下：五、仪器检验 5-1 规范规定的检验（1）测角、测距仪器光学对点器检验；应在观测之前进行检验；（2）水准仪器 i 角误差检验；水准标尺基辅读数常数测定；一对标尺零点差差测定；水准标尺每米长度误差测定；前 3 项检验应在水准测量前进行；其中,这些检验我均参与并负责这些项目的检验；5-2 光学对点器检验如图：1. 挑选平整位置放置一平板,平板上标注一A 点,在平板上方安置全站仪 （仪器架设高度约1.3 米

12、）并对中整平,全站仪的分划板中心与 A 点重合；2. 绕竖轴旋转光学对中器 180 ,如分划板中心与另一点 B重合,做第一次校正,使分划板中心与AB 之中点重合,如分划板中心仍与 3. 转变 A 点距光学对中器的距离A 点重合,就可进行下一步步检验； 例如将平板向上移动, 由 1.3m 缩短为 1.0m ,依据上步重新检验；如光学对中器旋转180 之后,分划板中心仍与A 重合就说明条件已经满意；如分划板中心并不与A重合而与 B 重合,就应校正,使分划板中心与A B之中点重合；上述检验和校正工作需反复进行,直到满意要求为止.经过检验,我们发觉的全站仪正常,光学对点器检验正常；5-3 水 准仪器检

13、 验5-3-1 水 准仪器 i 角 误差 检 验检验步骤：如上图所示,在一平整场地,挑选一条长为61.8m 的直线 J1、J2,将其长度等分成三段,在A、B处打入木桩,并钉上圆帽钉作为立尺点；在 J1、J2 处先后架设水准仪；精密整平后,瞄准 A、B 亮点上所立水准尺,照准、读数四次；在 J1点设站时的 A、B 水准尺上四次读数之中数记为 a1、b1；在 J2 点设站时四次读数之中数记为 a2、b2；将A、B 水准尺上排除了 i 角影响后的正确读数记为 a1、b1、a2、b2；表格如下：仪器观测次序标尺读数高差 a-bi 角运算站A 尺读数B 尺读数/mmA、B 标尺间距离S=20.6mJ11

14、142 619143 9192 613 9233 609 9214 618 922J2中数a1=142123b1=143921-12.722 =a2-b2-a1-b1=1.3mm1155 589156 719i=10 =6.52 578 7283 582 7274 587 730中数a2=155584b2=156726-11.42对于精密水准仪,要求i 角小于 20 ；超出限差时,必需对其进行校正；算出 i =1.91 终点 . 时段mmmmmI025-I075.191B-955.5494-434.5670-93.10021053.84570.03490.00110.00640.0030-0.

15、00391: 30186I67-I068.191H-74.4088-140.6286132.3232206.93600.0123-0.0028-0.00380.00080.00411: 16799I025- 泉山点 .191B-1788.7439-954.853559.33652028.51440.02120.00110.0024-0.0010-0.00211: 95498I67-I045.191H459.1962-270.4418673.0847858.51210.0330-0.0030-0.00310.00120.00031: 26012I025-E088.191B-945.3858-35

16、0.8251-193.48911026.77680.0211-0.00660.01980.0119-0.00301: 48753I67-I043.191G409.7578-199.8899546.6246711.79770.0243-0.0003-0.00370.00060.00131: 29331I025-I008.191B-482.2194-82.2481-232.0343541.42420.02120.0022-0.01470.0164-0.00681: 25582I67-I008.191G-97.0380-753.6476912.81281187.69870.0073-0.00010.

17、0195-0.0088-0.01911: 161891I025-I009.191B-425.473427.6358-337.3588543.69320.0222-0.0010-0.0038-0.01320.00871: 24469I67-I009.191G-40.2920-643.7638807.48821033.48560.0126-0.0059-0.00180.00670.00661: 82129I025-I024.191C-142.2999-14.6324-82.9657165.36830.0230-0.00210.00200.0052-0.00101: 7184I67- 泉山点 .19

18、1H-1403.5625-1626.25301204.18352462.67020.0103-0.0029-0.01130.00250.01031: 238697I025-I074.191B-890.5709-300.8754-221.8686965.85100.0291-0.0018-0.00280.00310.00181: 33152I67-E088.191H-560.2044-1022.2246951.35801504.61100.0071-0.0015-0.01760.00470.01551: 211967I075- 泉山点 .191B-833.1945-520.2865152.436

19、7994.05640.03260.00100.0074-0.0028-0.00511: 30460I068-I045.191H533.6050-129.8132540.7616770.71970.0340I068-I043.191G-0.00420.00250.0015-0.00231: 22688484.1667-59.2613414.3015639.98040.02540.0081-0.0224-0.01050.00141: 25208I075-I008.191B473.3300352.3190-138.9341606.19520.0324-0.0007-0.01440.0118-0.01

20、161: 18711I068-I008.191G-22.6292-613.0190780.4896992.70760.01250.00040.0232-0.0075-0.02031: 79292I075-I009.191B530.0760462.2028-244.2586744.49590.03320.01390.0146-0.00000.01891: 22449I068-I009.191G34.1168-503.1352675.1651842.70800.0154-0.0018-0.00060.00420.00361: 54761I075-I024.191C813.2495419.93461

21、0.1345915.32640.0336-0.00660.0046-0.0070-0.00381: 27213I068- 泉山点 .191H-1329.1537-1485.62441071.86042263.31930.0134-0.0036-0.00270.00210.00491: 169049I075-I074.191B64.9785133.6916-128.7685196.66460.03610.0053-0.0080-0.0028-0.00191: 5451I068-E088.191H-485.7956-881.5960819.03481297.70060.01220.0022-0.0

22、1320.00500.01131: 106449泉山点 -E088.191B843.3581604.0284-252.82561067.71910.0094-0.00620.00590.0111-0.00411: 114118I045-I043.191G-49.438470.5519-126.4601153.01600.0394-0.03470.01630.00940.01091: 3879泉山点 -I008.191B1306.5245872.6054-291.37081597.91850.00970.0024-0.02960.0122-0.01641: 164073I045-I008.191

23、G-556.2342-483.2058239.7280774.82510.03290.01490.0132-0.0131-0.02301: 23521泉山点 -I009.191B1363.2705982.4893-396.69531726.60320.0134-0.0005-0.0028-0.0054-0.00071: 129017I045-I009.191G-499.4882-373.3220134.4035637.90450.0340-0.00840.00360.00830.00631: 18772泉山点 -I024.191C1646.4440940.2211-142.30221901.3

24、2680.01730.0002-0.00470.0040-0.00251: 110196I045- 泉山点 .191H-1862.7587-1355.8113531.09882364.35190.0334-0.0005-0.0058-0.00060.00361: 70811泉山点 -I074.191B898.1730653.9781-281.20511146.07090.0251-0.0019-0.00480.0037-0.00511: 45703I045-E088.191H-1019.4006-751.7828278.27321296.83880.03290.0006-0.01460.004

25、90.00911: 39471E088-I008.191B463.1664268.5770-38.5452536.78900.00640.0079-0.03250.0011-0.00951: 83278I043-I008.191G-506.7959-553.7577366.1881835.21460.02430.0215-0.0111-0.0233-0.01591: 34409E088-I009.191B519.9124378.4608-143.8698658.96890.01210.0105-0.0098-0.01960.00691: 54638I043-I009.191G-450.0499

26、-443.8739260.8636683.82660.0254-0.0087-0.0134-0.00070.01421: 26937E088-I024.191C803.0859336.1927110.5234877.60350.01700.0074-0.0124-0.00790.00101: 51750I043- 泉山点 .191H-1813.3203-1426.3632657.55892398.96360.0249-0.00380.00160.00580.00361: 96528E088-I074.191B54.814949.9497-28.379679.40430.02480.0048-0

27、.0120-0.0078-0.00151: 3201I043-E088.191H-969.9622-822.3347404.73341334.49250.0241-0.0055-0.0372-0.00530.02531: 55317I008-I009.191B56.7460109.8838-105.3245162.44330.0122-0.00310.0280-0.01950.03051: 13311I008-I009.191G56.7460109.8838-105.3245162.44330.0122-0.0006-0.02220.0148-0.02481: 13311I008-I024.1

28、91C339.919567.6157149.0686377.27790.0172-0.00440.0351-0.00320.00101: 21955I008- 泉山点 .191H-1306.5245-872.6054291.37081597.91850.0097-0.0030-0.02520.01200.01841: 164073I008-I074.191B-408.3515-218.627310.1657463.30570.0248-0.00430.0231-0.0080-0.00731: 18653I008-E088.191H-463.1664-268.577038.5452536.789

29、00.0064I009-I024.191C-0.0065-0.02990.01720.02181: 83278283.1735-42.2682254.3931383.00090.0190-0.00390.00110.01420.00641: 20224I009- 泉山点 .191H-1363.2705-982.4893396.69531726.60320.0134-0.0038-0.0050-0.00650.00431: 129017I009-I074.191B-465.0975-328.5112115.4902581.01050.0262-0.0041-0.00270.01260.00731

30、: 22207I009-E088.191H-519.9124-378.4608143.8698658.96890.01210.0047-0.0175-0.00240.00581: 54638I024-I074.191B-748.2710-286.2430-138.9029813.10430.0273-0.00300.01030.0086-0.00231: 29785泉山点 -E088.191H843.3581604.0284-252.82561067.71910.00940.0056-0.01110.0027-0.00251: 1141182.3 Tau 检验表基线Tau-XTau-YTau-

31、ZI025-I075.191B0.01510.05420.0296I67-I068.191H0.11380.14750.0475I025- 泉山点 .191B0.01950.03780.0302I67-I045.191H0.02470.04280.0269I025-E088.191B0.09120.21850.1246I67-I043.191G0.00510.05300.0134I025-I008.191B0.03010.15740.1610I67-I008.191G0.00160.48180.3347I025-I009.191B0.02180.05380.2950I67-I009.191G0

32、.15270.05510.2542I025-I024.191C0.05430.03710.1444I67- 泉山点 .191H0.08690.29800.0687I025-I074.191B0.02630.03000.0565I67-E088.191H0.05110.59200.2411I075- 泉山点 .191B0.00550.04250.0270I068-I045.191H0.03160.03230.0309I068-I043.191G0.11740.28390.1993I075-I008.191B0.00690.13490.1834I068-I008.191G0.00750.61800

33、.2767I075-I009.191B0.10730.12880.0002I068-I009.191G0.03620.01200.1167I075-I024.191C0.08980.05170.1125I068- 泉山点 .191H 0.11420.09430.0959I075-I074.191B0.08960.08230.0324I068-E088.191H0.07590.48340.2455泉山点 -E088.191B0.22760.20230.2814I045-I043.191G0.18280.13180.1330泉山点 -I008.191B0.11310.66460.3390I045-

34、I008.191G0.11610.20270.2765泉山点 -I009.191B0.01280.03150.0817I045-I009.191G0.05390.04970.1574泉山点 -I024.191C0.00520.11030.1480I045- 泉山点 .191H 0.00350.07170.0134泉山点 -I074.191B0.03740.05760.0819I045-E088.191H0.00530.25410.1152E088-I008.191B0.27110.74320.0451I043-I008.191G0.22450.10600.4626E088-I009.191B0

35、.25870.14360.5023I043-I009.191G0.12580.18880.0143E088-I024.191C0.23270.27980.2768I043- 泉山点 .191H 0.05590.01370.1147E088-I074.191B0.08120.13840.1630I043-E088.191H0.10240.32800.1055I008-I009.191B0.08310.31610.3042I008-I009.191G0.01240.55010.5475I008-I024.191C0.10170.56230.0832I008- 泉山点 .191H 0.07300.6

36、7010.4693I008-I074.191B0.08750.26430.1747I008-E088.191H0.08630.79880.6654I009-I024.191C0.09230.01530.2870I009- 泉山点 .191H 0.07720.05920.1130I009-I074.191B0.06040.02210.1687I009-E088.191H0.12430.48100.0909I024-I074.191B0.04470.11280.1584泉山点 -E088.191H0.20370.48670.15322.4 Tau 检验直方图2.5 自由网平差坐标站点纬度 / 中误

37、差m经度 / 中误差m高程 / 中误差中误差 度: 分: 秒 度: 分: 秒mmE08834:13:01.98385N0.0031117:08:55.52206E0.003955.55360.00590.0076I00834:13:00.44447N0.0031117:08:34.63355E0.003956.75900.00620.0079I00934:12:56.30588N0.0044117:08:30.70245E0.005856.98480.00840.0111I02434:13:06.17675N0.0063117:08:21.61117E0.006862.11580.01180.

38、0150I02534:13:09.35017N0.0075117:08:16.40316E0.007165.86610.01530.0184I04334:12:45.84297N0.0090117:08:07.14708E0.012467.19010.01620.0222I04534:12:50.79403N0.0094117:08:06.68539E0.019767.72820.02100.0302I06834:12:29.73186N0.0051117:08:22.92241E0.006660.49930.00850.0118I07434:13:00.86757N0.0086117:08:

39、52.72614E0.009055.66580.01810.0219I07534:13:05.95317N0.0101117:08:57.36820E0.011554.22390.02450.0288I6734:12:24.51635N0.0034117:08:17.83007E0.004661.53470.00630.0085泉山点34:13:11.55280N0.0035117:09:35.60816E0.004671.58400.00710.00913 二维约束平差3.1 平差参数迭代次数 2参考因子 1.0000 xnorth 平移-17.8008 myeast 平移-65.9327

40、m比例 0.0000ppm旋转 0.0000 s3.2 平面距离平差值起点止点北向 x/中误差东向 y/中误差平距中误差相对误差mmmmI025I075-103.19560.01301048.72670.01121053.79170.01711: 61493I67I068160.88560.0056130.14640.0062206.93540.00831: 24810I025泉山点70.83330.00892027.28670.00712028.52380.01141: 178268I67I045809.32190.0107-286.38410.0184858.49740.02131: 40

41、398I025E088-225.57310.00901001.64930.00681026.73490.01131: 91016I67I043656.77850.0102-274.36300.0117711.78160.01551: 45900I025I008-273.77200.0090467.02430.0068541.35280.01131: 47997I67I0081107.66140.0033428.62520.00351187.70080.00481: 246144I025I009-401.43690.0093366.57540.0077543.62590.01211: 44926

42、I67I009979.99650.0053328.17620.00581033.48580.00791: 130935I025I024-97.60280.0099133.44210.0079165.32730.01271: 13038I67泉山点1452.26680.00421988.88760.00482462.67180.00641: 385912I025I074-260.07390.0120930.13110.0097965.80650.01541: 62710I67E0881155.86030.0032963.25020.00351504.61420.00481: 316357I075

43、泉山点174.02890.0119978.56010.0112993.91440.01631: 60856I068I045648.43630.0113-416.53050.0188770.69280.02191: 35199I075I043495.89290.0108-404.50930.0121639.95130.01621: 39576I008-170.57650.0119-581.70240.0110606.19630.01621: 37400I068I008946.77580.0056298.47880.0061992.71050.00831: 119224I075I009-298.2

44、4130.0122-682.15130.0116744.49870.01691: 44172I068I009819.11100.0067198.02980.0072842.70910.00981: 85808I075I0245.59270.0127-915.28460.0116915.30170.01731: 53056I068泉山点1291.38120.00601858.74120.00652263.31270.00881: 256390I075I074-156.87830.0133-118.59560.0120196.66140.01791: 10987I068E088994.97470.

45、0056833.10380.00611297.70440.00821: 157553泉山点E088-296.40650.0040-1025.63740.00411067.60900.00571: 186109I045I043-152.54340.013912.02120.0210153.01630.02521: 6077泉山点I008-344.60540.0040-1560.26240.00411597.86470.00571: 278681I045I008298.33950.0106715.00930.0183774.75470.02121: 36582泉山点I009-472.27020.0

46、054-1660.71140.00571726.55770.00791: 218955I045I009170.67470.0111614.56030.0188637.81990.02181: 29201泉山点I024-168.43620.0074-1893.84470.00651901.32020.00991: 192231I045泉山点642.94490.01082275.27170.01852364.36870.02141: 110485泉山点I074-330.90720.0102-1097.15570.00871145.97130.01341: 85346I045E088346.5384

47、0.01061249.63430.01831296.79400.02121: 61301E088I008-48.19890.0028-534.62500.0026536.79330.00391: 138873I043I008450.88290.0101702.98810.0116835.15730.01541: 54176E088I009-175.86380.0051-635.07400.0054658.97420.00741: 89027I043I009323.21800.0106602.53920.0122683.75680.01621: 42321E088I024127.97030.00

48、74-868.20720.0064877.58770.00971: 90137I043泉山点795.48830.01032263.25050.01182398.97990.01571: 152605E088I074-34.50070.0102-71.51830.008679.40510.01331: 5974I043E088499.08180.01011237.61310.01161334.45450.01541: 86823I008I009-127.66490.0051-100.44900.0053162.44480.00741: 22040I024176.16920.0074-333.58

49、220.0064377.24360.00981: 38450泉山点344.60540.00401560.26240.00411597.86470.00571: 278681I07413.69820.0101463.10670.0085463.30930.01331: 34947E08848.19890.0028534.62500.0026536.79330.00391: 138873I009I024303.83410.0081-233.13330.0074382.97030.01091: 34990I024泉山点472.27020.00541660.71140.00571726.55770.0

50、0791: 218955I074141.36300.0106563.55570.0094581.01510.01421: 40980E088175.86380.0051635.07400.0054658.97420.00741: 89027I074-162.47100.0113796.68900.0096813.08680.01481: 54973泉山点E088-296.40650.0040-1025.63740.00411067.60900.00571: 1861093.3 平面坐标站点北向 x/中误差东向 y/中误差中误差Em误差椭圆mmmFmET度: 分: 秒E0883787813.06

51、050.0040513642.03030.00410.00570.00450.0036130:43:07I0083787764.86160.0040513107.40530.00410.00570.00440.0037130:36:28I0093787637.19680.0054513006.95630.00570.00790.00600.0051122:41:45I0243787941.03080.0074512773.82300.00650.00990.00800.0058147:38:15I0253788038.63370.0089512640.38100.00710.01140.009

52、50.0062152:19:40I0433787313.97870.0103512404.41720.01180.01570.01220.0099114:39:26I0453787466.52210.0108512392.39600.01850.02140.02000.0076114:26:09I0683786818.08580.0060512808.92650.00650.00880.00710.0053126:11:20I0743787778.55980.0102513570.51200.00870.01340.01060.0083155:34:04I0753787935.43810.01

53、19513689.10760.01120.01630.01200.0111164:10:21I673786657.20220.0042512678.78010.00480.00640.00510.0038121:19:50泉山点3788109.4670*514667.6677*七、水平角观测7-1 使用仪器及仪器状况 科维 TKS-202 全站仪,全站仪的测角、测距仪器光学对点器检验均合格；7-2 观测方法 实习中均采纳测回的方法观测闭合环两条导线的夹角；测回角度观测法的步骤是：如上图所示, 测站点 O四周有待定的目标A、B,第一挑选其中的一个方向（如 A）作为起始方向；用盘左位置顺时针方向旋

54、转照准部,依次照准A、B,读取观测值,这为上半测回；然后纵转望远镜, 用盘右位置逆时针方向旋转照准部,从 B 开头,依次照准 B、A并读数, 这个称为下半测回；7-3 对规范中操作规定的看法与体会水平角用 DJ2 经纬仪观测 2 个测回（留意瞄准觇板上标志中心或地面导线点中心）；每测回度盘位置分别为： 0 00 , 90 30 ；每测回各方向 2C 互差 13 ；角度测回互差限差为 9 ；2C值一般反映的是仪器的系统问题,而 否垂直（即水准管的调平）有关系；7-4 观测记录成果及成果质量2C互差就与瞄准目标的精确度、全站仪的竖轴与水平轴是本测区共布设13 站；本人观测3 站,记录 3 站；垂直

55、角指标差及2C互差均在限差范畴内,观测效果较好；经整理,由于观测数据较多,所以仅以一侧站为例,如下：I6 测站测测点盘左读数左- 右 左 +水平方向值中数右 / 2站2C盘右 I70 00 00180 00 07-740 00 00I577 45 03257 45 030077 44 5977 44 34I6I790 00 30270 00 34-4320 00 00中仪 器觇 标I5167 45 37347 45 42-54077 45 08测点盘左读数盘右读数指标差垂直角 数高高I6I789 04 32270 55 30+0 1+0 55 2928160.1I789 04 35270 55

56、 30+0 2+0 55 28149.0I589 36 25270 23 36+0 0+0 23 3636124.0I589 36 30270 23 40+0 5+0 23 35备注 点之记 测点次数观测值（ m）测站气温测站气压1118.319I6I72118.31929.0996.23118.3194118.319I5中数118.3191115.3642115.3643115.3644115.364中数115.364八、水准测量8-1 施测等级施测等级为二等水准测量,详细规范如下：1每 km高差全中误差2mm；闭合或附合路线来回观测各一次；闭合差或来回较差限差为4L（mm）,（L 单位：

57、km）；2每一测段（相邻二导线点之间的水准路线）应观测偶数站；导线点上不能放尺垫,标尺底部不能 安放尺环；测段中间转点上应放尺垫（可担心放尺环）；3每一测站观测程序：往测奇数站：后前前后,往测偶数站：前后后前；返测奇数站：前后后前,返测偶数站：后前前后；4每一测站技术要求：视线长度（仪器至标尺距离）50m；前后视距差 1m；前后视距累积差3m；视线离地面高度 0.6mm；0.3m；基辅分划读数较差0.4mm；基辅分划所测高差较差8-2 使用仪器及仪器检查情形使用仪器为精密水准仪 1测角、测距仪器光学对点器检验在观测之前进行检验,检验正常；2水准仪器 I 角误差检验；水准标尺基辅读数常数测定；一

58、对标尺零点差差测定；水准标尺每米长度误差测定；前3 项检验应在水准测量前进行,检验均正常；8-3 施测方法按光学测微法进行观测,以往测奇数测站为例,一测站的操作程序如下：（1）置平仪器；水准仪望远镜绕垂直轴旋转时,水准气泡两端影像的分别,不能超过 1cm,对于自 动安平水准仪,要求圆气泡位于指标圆环中心；（2）用望远镜照准后视水准尺,是符合水准气泡两端影像近于符合,用上、下丝照准标尺基本分划 4 位,第四位数由测微器直接读得；再使用测微螺旋用楔形平分线精确照准标 进行视距读数；视距读取 尺的基本分划,并读取标尺基本分划和测微分划的读数,测微分划读数取至测微器最小分划；（3）照准前视标尺, 使用

59、测微螺旋用楔形平分线精确照准标尺的基本分划,并读取标尺基本分划和 测微分划的读数,然后用上、下丝照准标尺基本分划进行视距读数；（4）用水平微动螺旋是望远镜照准前视标尺的帮助分划,用楔形平分线精确照准标尺的基本分划,并读取标尺帮助分划和测微分划的读数；（5）旋转望远镜,照准后视标尺的帮助分划,用楔形平分线精确照准标尺的基本分划,并读取标尺帮助分划和测微分划的读数；8-4 精密水准观测留意事项（1）仪器防晒,观测时打伞；（2）前后视距尽量相等,其差小于规定限值；（3）标定倾斜螺旋的置平零点,使用螺旋中部；（4）前后视标尺与测站尽量位于始终线上,以削减观测站数；（5）同一测站上观测时不得重复调焦,倾

60、斜螺旋和测微螺旋最终为旋进；（6）安置水准仪, 使其中两个脚螺旋与水准路线方向平行,与右侧；（7）每一测段的水准路线应进行往测与返测；第三个脚螺旋轮换置于路线方向的左侧（8）往测奇数站按“ 后前前后” 、偶数站按“ 前后后前” 的观测次序在相邻测站交替进行,返测时 程序反过来；（9）测站数均应为偶数,原就应加入标尺零点差改正,往测改为返测时,2 根标尺互换位置并重新 整置仪器；（10）一个测段水准路线的来回测尽量在不同气象条件下观测；（11）观测前水准器严格居中；（12）观测间隔时,终止在固定的水准点上,否就挑选8-5 观测记录成果及成果质量2 个坚稳牢靠的固定点作为间歇点；本测区共水准来回测