美国社会与文化名词解释英汉互译

1、New England新英格兰Midwest中西部地区Rocky Mountain 落基山脉Great Plains 大平原Statue of Liberty 自由女神像Wall Street 华尔街Rust Belt铁锈地带Grand Canyon 大峡谷Golden Gate Bridge 金门大桥Death Valley 死亡谷Yellowstone National Park 黄石国家公园Niagara Fall尼亚加拉瀑布Puritan 清教徒City upon the Hill 山巅之城Exceptionalism 卓异论potato famine马铃薯大饥荒/土豆大饥荒nativ

2、ism 本土主义xenophobia仇外心理对外国人的强烈恐惧或憎恨Catholicism 天主教Protestantism 新教individualism 个人主义collectivism 集体主义ethnic minority少数民族/少数族裔Asian Americans亚裔美国人Chinese Americans华裔美国人Gold Rush淘金热Angel Island 天使岛Chinese Exclusion Act排华法案1882 an exclusionary law against the Chinesenaturalization 归化/ 入籍Uncle Sam山姆大叔quo

3、ta 配额yellow peril 黄祸Chinatown中国城/唐人街Indian Americans印度裔美国人Filipino Americans菲律宾裔美国人national 国民alien外国人model minority模范少数族裔a minority group in certain countries achieve a higher degree if socioeconomic success than population average.Hispanics西班牙裔美国人Latinos拉丁裔/拉美裔美国人Zero Tolerance 零容忍birthright citiz

4、enship 出生公民权anchor baby 锚定婴儿federalism 联邦主义A principle invented by the framer. Federalism refers to a dual form of government in which there is a functional and territorial division of authority. It refers to a political system in which there are local units of government, as well as a national gove

5、rnment.unitary system 单制The most common form of political grouping like that of the Great Britain. Such a government has no autonomous units: the ultimate government authority rests in a central government. In such a situation, policies can be applied uniformly to the whole country.death penalty 死刑g

6、rants-in-aid 财政补贴Amendment to the Constitution 宪法修正案Cabinet 内阁vice president 副总统presidential nomination 总统提名legislative branch 立法部门Congress 国会A law-making body.Made up of a House of Representatives of 435 members and a Senate of 100 members. Discuss &voteHouse of Representatives 众议院Senate参议院Judicial

7、 Branch/Judiciary司法吾Courtssupreme court courts of appeal and district dourtsJustices appointed by president appointed for lifehave the right to declare laws of the congress and the act of the executive branch void ifthey are judged to be in conflict with the ConstitutionSupreme Court 最高法院Highest cou

8、rt, the only national court that can review a state court decisionchief justice首席大法官judicial review 司法审查the right of the federal courts to determine whether or not a piece of law, whether state or national, is consonant with the U.S. Constitution.court of appeals上诉法院circuit court巡回法院/巡回法庭same-sex ma

9、rriage 同性婚姻separation of powers 三权分立At the national level, power is not concentrated in one branch of government, but, instead, lodged in three branches the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judiciary. None of the three branches is fully dependent on any one of the others, and yet each one of them

10、 was some interdependence with the other too. Furthermore, to checks and balances, the personnel of each branch are chosen in different wayschecks and balances制衡pocket veto 搁置否决within ten days before adjournment Congress passes a bill and the president merely ignore it, neither approving or disappro

11、ving it and the bill won t be a law.bill of rights 人权法案In 1791, 10 amendments provide American citizens the freedom of belief, the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, and the freedom of assembly.Democratic Party 民主党Republican Party 共和党primary election 预选national convention 全国代表大会undocumente

12、d immigrant 无证移民ethnic and racial diversity 种族多样性electoral college 选举团popular vote 大众选票Winner Take All 赢者通吃If the candidates of a party for electors in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for the state, even though a presiden

13、tial candidate receives only slightly more than electoral votes of the state. And this system is called the winner-take-all principle.如果某一政党候选人在该州获得的票数高 于对手，即可获得该州所有的选举人票.目前除了缅因州和内布拉斯加州，美国其余四十八州均采取胜者全拿(winner-take-all )的选举制度。美国的嬴者全嬴政策 ；赢家获 得一切。If a candidate wins a majority, he will take all of the

14、states electoral votes.racial segregation 种族隔离the policy of keeping racial groups of people apart from another and treating them differently.Affirmative Action肯定性行动/平权法案The U.S. federal government worked out in the early 1970s to facilitate the entry of womenand minority groups into educational inst

15、itutionsOn the primary and secondary levels of education, affirmative action programs first led to a redesigning of teaching programs and textbooks Discriminatory references to women and minorities have been replaced with“ positive role models ” . Federal government has requirededucational instituti

16、ons to provide equal employment opportunity to applicants from all racial, ethnic, and gender groups, more teachers from minority groups are hired at elementary and secondary schools, and more women professors have been appointed at colleges and universities.Affirmative Action have not only made it

17、possible for more women and minority groups to complete university degrees and pursue their careers in educational institutionsi but also have provided opportunities for “ disadvantaged “ pupils to catch up withnormal“ pupilsreverse discrimination反向歧视/逆向性歧视People opposing the affirmative program cal

18、led it reverse discrimination program, for it tends to give preferential treatment to women and minority groups at the expense of white people.Brown v. the Board of Education布朗诉教育委员会案158This was a famous case sued by Brown against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, for its segregation policy

19、in public school education in the 1950s. As many other states had similar segregation policy in public school education, the case in fact incorporated cases from several states, In May 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that“in the field of publiceducation the doctrine of separate but equal has no p

20、lace. Separate educational facilitiesare inherently unequal. Thising has been viewed by African Americans as a landmark victory in their struggle for civil rights in the U.S.(Linda Brown, an African American girl was not allowed to enroll in the nearby white school, her family accused Board of Educa

21、tion of Topeka and send the law suit to the Supreme Court. Finally, the Supreme Court declared that the “ separatbut equal “ facilities are unequ al.quota 配额Setting a number of students from racial minorities to be enrolled in university programs. (Ethnic quota)charter school 特许学校in the US, a school

22、 that is paid for with public money but is organized by a private group for a special purpose and admits only students who meet its standards. (美国的) 特许学校 (出 于某种特殊原因而建立，公共出资的独立学校，只接收符合条件的学生)school voucher择校券In the US, a scholarship (= money to pay for studies) that allows a student to attend a private school rather than a state school.primary school 小学secondary school 中学Common Core State Standards共同核心州立标准It asU.S. education