动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态和语态1动词时态的概述和基本用法2主动和被动3高考易混时态一、一般体（一）一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作和状态。 所谓一般体，表示既不“进行”，又不“完成”。We have meals three times a day. 我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯）He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人(现在的状态）When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.我小时候，常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯）（二）一般现在时表示客观真理、科学事实。 The sun

2、 rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。(三) 一般现在时用在“主将从现”的结构中。主句往往表将来，出现will/shall/can/must/,或主句是祈使句。条件状语从句：if， unless, even if 时间状语从句：when, before, until(till) ，as soon as , the moment ,once让步状语从句：no matter what/ who/ which/ when/ where / how whatever whoever whichever whenever wherever however I will go with y

3、ou as soon as I finish my work.Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.（四）语境中的一般过去时，往往表示“刚才，在过去”之意，按时现在已经不再这样。Come on in, I want to show you something. Oh, how nice of you! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.- Your phone number again? I didnt quite catch it.(五) 一般将来时的用法 1 现在看以后要发生

4、的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势。Tom will come back next week.Fish will die without water.2 be going to +动词原形 多用在口语中， 表示“计划，打算要做某事”。 此外， be going to 还可以根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推测（天气）He is going to speak on TV this evening.Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.3 be about to+动词原形 表示“立即的将来（immediate future)”, 因此，该句型

5、很少与表示将来的具体时间状语连用， 但可以和when 引导的状语从句连用。The train is about to start.4 有些动词如come ,go , stay, arrive, leave, begin, start 等，其一般现在时、现在进行时亦可表示按计划，安排将来要发生的动作和状态。He comes here tonight. I arrive in Beijing at 3:00 p.m. tomorrow.What are you going to do next week?5 be to +动词原形 （1）表示按计划 安排要做的事。When are you to l

6、eave for home?She is to be married next month.The Queen is to visit Japan in a weeks time.Was/were to do sth 表示曾经计划要做的事或命中注定要发生的事I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.Was/were to have done sth 表明未曾实现的计

7、划 （过去想做却没有做）We were to have told you, but you were not in.我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。 （2） 表示应该， 相当于should , ought toYou were to report to the police. 你应该报警What is to be done? 应该怎么办呢？（3）表示想 打算 intend wantIf we were to there before ten, well have to go now.(4)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。Am I to go on with the work? 要我继续

8、完成这项工作吗？What are we to do next? 我们下一步该怎么办？（5） 用于否定句，表示禁止，相当于mustnt.The books in the room are not to be taken outside.You are not to smoke in the reading room. (6) 表示可以 可能 ， may can The news is to be found in the evening paper.这条消息可以在晚报上看到。Such people are to be found everywhere,这种人到处都有。（7）were to do

9、sth 用于if 或even if ,even though 从句中，表示对未来情况的虚拟，即与事实相反或实现的可能性很小。If I were to tell you that I admired him, would you believe me?Even if the sun were to rise in the west, I would never do such a thing.（8）sb be to blame 该受责备，对某件坏事应负责任，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 Which driver is to blame for the accident? 二 进行体 （一）一

10、个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.The reporter said that the UFO was travelling from east to west when he saw it (二) 表示动作的未完性和暂时性Have you

11、moved into the new house?Not yet. The rooms are being painted(未完性)I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.（暂时性） （三）表示计划，安排要做的事。Ive won a holiday foe two days to Florida. I am taking my mom. (四)表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。I first met Lily 3 years ago. She was working at

12、 a clothes shop at the time.Is this coat yours?No, mine is hanging there behind the door.三 完成体（一）现在完成时1. 一个动作开始于过去，延续到现在（也许还将持续下去）。表示从过去持续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately , recently, in the last/past few days/years, since then, up to now, so far 等。In the past few years, great changes have taken place in m

13、y hometown.He has been busy writing a book recently.He has written 8 books so far.2. 一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响。常用的状语有：already, just(刚刚), yet, never, before等。He has turned off the light. (= The light is off now)他关掉灯了。The concert has started. (=The concert is on now)音乐会开始了。I have a

14、lready seen the film. (= I know the film now)我看过那部电影了。3.This /It is the first /second.time + that 从句 that 从句的时态要用现在完成时This is the first time that I have come here. 4. 在条件，时间，让步状语从句中，表示将来某时间以前已完成的动作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.除非我亲眼看到，否则我不会相信你的。（强调“看完”）I will go with

15、 you as soon as I have finished my work.我干完了工作就和你一起去。（强点“干完”）5 瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语，若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。He has lived in Beijing since last year.He has served in the army for 3 years.He joined the army 3 years ago.He has been a soldier for 3 years.It

16、 is three years sine he joined the army.He has joined the army.RightHe has come to Beijing since last year.He has joined the army for 3 years. Wrong常见的瞬间动词有：come / go / get in / reach/ arrive in/ arrive at/ leave/ buy / sell/open/close/get up/ join/take part in/ begin/start/return/give/borrow/lend/b

17、ecome/bring/take/die/finish/receive/hear from/lose/jump等(二）过去完成时1 一件事情发生在过去的过去，就用过去完成时。She had learned some English before she came to the college.He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.2 表示从过去某一时间开始， 一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then, by that time, until, by the end of, before 2000,by the time+

18、句子等。By then he had learned English for years.到那时， 他已学了三年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。 3 hardly.whenNo sooner. than.When 和than 从句里用一般过去时， 主句用过去完成时， 表示“刚刚.就”NO sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.4 It was

19、/had been +一段时间+since 从句 Since 从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们10年没这么高兴了。5 that/It/This was the first /second.time +that 从句 , that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.That was the first time that I had passed the exam.6表示愿望、打算一类

20、的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think 等， 其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.(三)将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为by+将来的某个时间。By the end of next year, all of you will have become college students.四、完

21、成进行体He has been learning English for 6 years.(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调道现在还在学）It has been raining for 3 days.(强调说话者抱怨的感情色彩）易混时态一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.这是过去的一件事He has served in the army for 5 years.现在他仍在军中服役,他仍然是军人He wrote many plays when he was at college.写剧本是他过去做的事He has writt

22、en many plays.这意味着他是剧作家I saw Hero last year.看英雄的时间是去年，与现在无关。I have seen Hero before.以前看过， 强调现在知道这部电影的内容。主动和被动一、 被动语态1、被动语态的构成体 时现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being donewill/shall be being donewould/should be being done完成ha

23、ve/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done完成进行bave/has been being donehad been being donewill/shall have been being donewould/should bave been being done(1)His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office. (2) Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. (

24、3) This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.(4) The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.(5)The boss made them work ten hours a day.They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.(6) Paper is known to have been first made in China.It

25、 is known that paper was first made in China. (7)These books are going to be posted (post) tomorrow.(8) We havent been invited to the party.(9)The problem is being discussed by the students.(10)Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.(11)These novels wont sell well.(12)The house requires cleanin

26、g (clean) at once. (13)The girl isnt easy to get along with.(14)He is seated on a bench.He seats (seat) himself on a bench.(15)He was hidden behind the door. He hid himself behind the door.(16)The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)The book is well sold. (系表结构)构成：助动词be/get及物动词的过去分词。用法：(1)动作

27、的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态，如：(2)。(2) 当强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态，如：(3)。【注意】(1) 带双宾语动词的被动语态，若将间接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，直接宾语则保留不变；若将直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for，如：(4)。(2) 动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to；但他们变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to，如：(5)。(3) 当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consi

28、der, report, suggest, think等时，被动语态有两种形式： 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面，用主语从句来表示，如：(6)。被动语态的时态：(1)一般现在时 系动词am/is/are 动词的过去分词，如：(2)、(3)。(2) 一般过去时系动词was/were 动词的过去分词，如：(4)。(3) 一般将来时 will 或be going to be 动词的过去分词，如：(7)。(4) 现在完成时 助动词have/has been 动词的过去分词，如：(8)。(5) 现在进行时 be being 动词的过去分词，如：(9)。(6)

29、带有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词 be 动词的过去分词，如：(10)。【注意】1.主动形式表被动意义(1) cut, read, sell, wear, write, cook, lock, wash等表示主语性质功用的动词接状语修饰语时，如：(11)。(2) want / require / need doing中的doing(也可用to be done)用主动形式表被动意义，如：(12)。(3) 在“be 形容词 to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时，用主动形式表被动，如：(13)。(4)系动词feel, look, smell, taste, sound等。(5) 表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等动词。(6) 在be worth doing中，doing用主动形