山东大学断层解剖学双语课件01剖面解剖学导论

1、The medical college of shandong universityThe introduction of sectional anatomyWhere is the direction of medicine ！？The forestclinicianFollow me ！clinicianimaging doctorMedical image period !E hospital !The history and status of sectional anatomythe first stage(16-18 century): da Vinci, A.Vesaliusth

2、e second stage (19-20 century ): Pirogoff 和 Eycleshymer & Schoemakerthe third stage ( since the 70age of 20century):the sectional anatomy be get great developmentda Vinci（1452 -1519）The picture is painted by da VinciThe A.Vesalius is dissecting in church （1514-1564）The definition and feature of sect

3、ional anatomy the sectional anatomy is the science of studing the shape、position、adjacent and functions in series section of human beeing.it,s task is serveing CT、 MRI 、US. it differents from systematic anatomy and regional anatomy： 1. to keep the structure in originenal position； 2. to perform the

4、three-dimensional reconstruction by sectional structure ；the three-dimensional reconstruction of cerebral vesselsthe three-dimensional reconstruction of heartthe three-dimensional reconstruction of coronary arteryCE-MRAdissection of aortaCE-MRAabdominal aneurysmthe three-dimensional reconstruction o

5、f blood vesselthe three-dimensional reconstruction of bonethe three-dimensional reconstruction of bones of footthe three-dimensional reconstruction of scapulathe three-dimensional reconstruction of axisthe three-dimensional reconstruction of small intestinethe three-dimensional reconstruction of blo

6、od vesselthe three-dimensional reconstruction of fascia3. to combine with the medical image closely.the transverse plane pass through10th thoracic vertebra (superior view )the transverse plane pass through10th thoracic vertebra (inferior view )The sagittal section of cranium (left view)The coronal s

7、ection pass through ascending aortaSupraorbitomeatal line Infraorbitomeata line（Reid ,s base line）Canthomeatal lineHorizontal lineThe scanning by vertical axis AC-PC line Talairach 坐标系 The structure of cranium is very complex, so we want get the clear image ，to apply scanning lines as below:1. Supra

8、orbitomeatal line midpoint of external auditory meatus supraorbital margin2. infraorbitomeata line （Reid ,s base line） midpoint of external auditory meatus infraorbital margin3. Canthomeatal line midpoint of external auditory meatus lateral angle of eye4.Intercommissural line (AC-PC line) Anterior c

9、ommissure posterior commissureThe CT is scanningThe transverse scan of cranium by MRIT1The transverse scan of cranium by MRIT2MRI T1 WIThe median sagittal scan by MRMRI T2 WIThe median sagittal scan by MRThe coronal section pass through internal capsuleThe sectional specimenMRI T1MRA 磁共振脑纤维束成像 八十年代初

10、，国、外便开始颅内水扩散成像的生化研究。该技术成为活体上测量水分子扩散运动与成像的唯一方法，最常用的是: 扩散加权成像（DWI）和 扩散张量成像（DTI）， DTI可三维显示正常脑纤维束的走行、年龄变化，因病变造成的纤维束受压、移位、变形、浸润与破坏。较常规MRI能更好地观察肿瘤与周围纤维束的关系，用于诊断脑纤维束溃变、脑白质疏松、脑缺血性病变、颅内肿瘤等。 The internal capsuleThe fornixThe corpus callosum脑fMRI 脑fMRI原理是生理刺激下脑区神经元激活，引起邻近血管床的血流量和血流容积增加，血氧饱和度增加，氧合血红蛋白增加而脱氧血红蛋白相

11、对减少。脱氧血红蛋白为顺磁性物质，产生局部梯度磁场，使质子快速去相位，具缩短T2的作用，在脑激活区局部T2或T2*相对延长，在T2WI或T2*WI上相应区信号强度增强。将这一信号差别经过后处理，获得激活脑区神经元兴奋活动的成像图。 利用内源性血红蛋白作对比剂，通过血氧饱和度的对比变化而成像的方法称为血氧水平依赖(blood oxygenation level dependant，BOLD)功能磁共振成像。 磁共振波谱（MRS）的基本原理 在理想均匀的磁场中，同一种质子(如1H)理论上应具有相同的共振频率。事实上，当频率测量精度非常高时会发现，即使同一种原子核处在相同磁场中，不同的化学环境，它们

12、将具有不同的共振频率。如在MRS中，水、NAA(N-乙酰天门冬氨酸)、Cr(肌酸)、Cho(胆碱)、脂肪的共振峰位置不同，这种现象就称为化学位移(Chemical Shift)。在正常组织中，代谢物以特定的浓度存在，当组织发生病变时，代谢物浓度会发生改变。 MRS主要是对水和脂肪中的氢质子共振峰进行测量和脂肪中的氢质子共振峰进行测量，使这些微弱的共振峰群得以显示。 The research of sectional anatomy content:1.the sectional anatomy2.the sectional image：CT, MRI, SPECT, US, PET人体断面数据

13、获取专用SKC500型数控铣床 The transverse scan of pulmonary window by CTThe transverse scan of mediastinal window by CTThe sagittal scan of uterus by MRIthe ultrasonic wave scan pass through second porta hepatisthe ultrasonic wave scan pass through first porta hepatisthe three-dimensional reconstruction of ult

14、rasonic wave scan (foetus)the three-dimensional reconstruction of ultrasonic wave scan (foetus) PET Positron emission computed tomography 正电子发射计算机控制X线体层摄影术 to inject the radio-labelled glucose to blood vessel，and then useing the PET machine to scan,to get the image (red, yellow, green, blue area) It

15、 is indicated , the more, the brain cells absorb radio-labelled glucose , the higher, its energy . the red area is highest. for example : useing the PET scan can diagnose the malignant tumor, Because the blood circulation is fastest ,the energy of absorbability is highest in malignant tumor. PET CT 18 氟-脱氧葡萄糖( 18 F-FDG) 正电子发射计算机体层摄影 对肺癌诊断、分期、治疗及疗效监测 有极高的临床应用价值 PET MRI？！hearingReading SpeakingWriteing the three-dimensional reconstruc