英语新闻结构

1、英语新闻的结构特征2007-04-04 15:47:11来源：词霸四六级官网新闻的种类很多，按分类标准的不同，有各种不同的分类方法。如按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为 硬新闻(hard news )和 软新闻”(soft news )两大类，硬新闻也就是纯新闻消息报道：指题材严肃，具有一定时效性的客观事实报道；软新闻是指情感味浓，写作方 法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类：消息(news)、特写(features )和新闻评论( commentaries and columns )。新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同，文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻文体的主体结构

2、是由标题、导语、正文三部分组成。标题(headline ):浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。导语(1ead or introduction ):通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最 主要的事实。正文(body):在导语的基础上，引入更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具 体，并展开评论，进而得出结论。在此我们以消息为例，详细分析一下它的基本结构。消息类新闻属于硬新闻：是广泛采用的的一种新闻体裁。消息报道中的导语十分重要，它位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题，这是消息这种新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。五个W和一个H (When ? Where ? Who ? What

3、 ? Why ?和How ?)是构成一则完整的消息不可缺少的要 素。直接的消息报道或纯消息报道一般采用倒金字塔形式(the Inverted Pyramid Form ),其特点是按新闻报道最重要的五个W和一个H头重脚轻地安排材料，把新闻的高潮和结论放在最前面的导语里，然后以事实的重要性递减的顺序来安排( in theorder of descending importance )材料。在报纸、广播、电视等新闻媒体每天刊载和播发的新闻中，百分之九十是用倒金字塔结构写成的。对于报纸来说，倒金字塔结构的新闻有自己的优势。主要是可以使读者很快得到新闻的精华部分；在生活节奏越来越快的今天，一般读者很少

4、把一条新闻从头到尾读完，他们可能随时放下报纸，因此，报纸有必要让读者首先读到最重要的新闻内容。为了帮助读者了解这种倒金字塔式结构，请见西方新闻学著作中的图表说明：The Inverted Pyramid FormIntroduction containing most important or most interesting1 / 51 / 5information导语包括最重要或最吸引人的消息more facts 更多的事实材料supporting information or background辅助性消息或背景材料quotes or more facts of lesser impor

5、tance弓 I 语或次要的事实材料minor details 细节材料least significant information 最不重要的消息为了说明 倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点，现举美联社 2001年11月22日的一篇报道 为例：NOVEMBER 22 , 19: 43EST , 200128 Killed in Colombia LandslideBy JUAN PABLO TOROAssociated Press WriterFILADELFIA Colom bia (AP) Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed

6、 down onscores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday , killingat least 28 and leaving 40others missing , authorities said .The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion hadmade the mine unsafe . It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rain

7、s were toblame for the accident .Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia , a small town 120 miles west of Bogot T The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanche .Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours

8、in hopes of finding som- ebody alive, butonlyrecovered bodies .As night fell Thursday , national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations . The search was to resume Friday .2 / 52 / 5,and at least 40 people wereGonzalez sai

9、d 28bodies had been recovered missing . Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals .Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene , many of them anguished and weepingrelatives .Emergency crews from the Red Cross andthe civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the

10、thick mud spread overthe site . Complicating the recovery effort , huge pools of water had seeped into the sitefrom a river running up to the hillside used by the miners to rinse gold particles fromdirt .Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to s

11、crape gold from the well-worn hill-side . The workers were toiling with shovelsand picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill . The cavern had no structuralsupports .Many workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud .Others were not so lucky .“We heard a v

12、ery loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us , “ said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza . I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out .”Loaiza said he made less than $ 9a day at the crude mine . His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mudAccording to Julian Arboleda

13、 , an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias of- ficials ordered the mine closed several months ago . But residents thrown out of workby Colom bias econom- ic downturn took the risk of working there anyway , Arboleda saidLandslides triggered by rains are Colombias most common natural disas

14、ter, killingdozens of people annually . Thursdays accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years .3/53/5,nearly 200 people died in aAccording to the governments disaster relief agency poor neighborhood in the city of Medellinwhen a 1987 landslide buried theirhouses . Landslides buried 150 dam w

15、orkers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf 首先要注意消息报道导语(第一段)里的 电头”(dateline ) “FILAtELFIA , Colombia(AP) ”即美联社发自哥伦比亚费拉达菲亚的消息”。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前面(NOVEMBER 22 , 19: 43EST ),即美国的标准时11月22日19点43分。第一段十分简单明了地告诉读者：星期四，哥伦比亚西部的一露天金矿由于大雨而发生坍塌，至少28人死亡，40人失踪。第二段增加了新的新闻事实：金矿坍塌的遇难者是贫民，虽然政府警告说由于侵蚀使采 矿危险

16、，但他们置若罔闻；金矿的坍塌可能是由于非法的开采以及近日的大雨造成的。这一段支持并扩展了导语。第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发生了两次塌方，第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。第四、五、六、七以及第八段均是与主要新闻事实有关的次重要材料。第四、五、七、八段讲述了来自红十字、民防组织以及各方救护人员的救援进展情况。第六段也是对导语的进一步扩展：官方宣布事故中有 28人死亡，至少40人失踪；有32名矿工受伤被送往医院。第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料，利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。第十三、十四和第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业；山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。通过分析我们可以看出这篇新闻报道是典型的倒金字塔”结构，导语是一段简单清楚的叙述。随后的数段对导语进行了解释、补充和扩展，有利地支撑了导语。在导语中基本将五 个W,