2022年传染病学英文名词解释简答

1、学习好资料 欢迎下载Part Noun explanation1. convert infection/subclinical infection 隐性感染/亚临床感染：it means only a special immune response without or with very mild damage to the host after the agent entered which can be diagnosed by serologic means with demonstration of either a single high titer or a fourfold r

2、ise in titer to the infection. It is the most common model. 2. carrier state病原携带状态：it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidence of disease, although disease may have been present earlier. A carrier is a very important source of infection as the organisms can be disseminated

3、 from him. 3. source of infection传染源：it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and multiply and can be disseminated . 4. route of transmission传播途径: the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after been disseminated from the source of infection. 5. susceptible易感者: it is

4、referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease. 6. relapse复发：it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceasedduring convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host. It is often seen in typhoid fever, malaria, et al. 7. recrud

5、escence再 it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation. 燃: 8. spider angiomata蜘蛛痣：Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiating from it like spider legs. They blanch when compressed压之褪色. They represent tiny dilated collateral blood vessels and are seen in pat

6、ients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. 9. windowphase（窗口期）：The windowphaseis the time from exposure to the organismuntilone is tested positive for the infection. Someone in the window phase may test negative but actually be positive and able to spread the organism. 10. street strain野毒株/街毒株: it i

7、s referred to rabies virus isolated from the naturally infected animals or human with strong pathogenecity and long incubation period. 11. fixed strain 固定毒株: After being subcultured in rabbit brain for many times at least 50 times, the virulence of the street strain decreased greatly, but its immuno

8、genicity remained. It is called fixed strain and often used for vaccine production. 第 1 页,共 6 页学习好资料 欢迎下载12. Negri body（内基小体）: Negri body is pathognomonic for rabies virus infection. It is oval eosinophilic neuronal cytoplasmic inclusion measuring 3-10 micron in diameter. They are most consistenetly

9、 seen in the pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells of cerebellum. 13. septicemia败血症：Septicemia is an acute generalized infection caused by the invasion into the blood stream of a pathogenic or an opportunistic organism. While staying persistently and multiplying rapidly in the blood stre

10、am, these organisms liberate toxins or metabolites which elicit general toxic symptoms and tissue damage of various organs. 14.rose spots 玫 瑰疹：They areblankingpinkmacular spots 2-4 mm indiameter at day713 of typhoid fever. The rash is seen most commonly on the thorax and abdomen, rarely on back and

11、the extremities. 15. herxheimer reaction赫氏反应: It is caused as a direct result of using spirocheticidal drugs mainly antibiotics to treat individuals with a spirochetal disease which results in an increase in the symptoms of the treated condition. 16. ectopic lesion异位损害: the schistosomeeggs and/or ad

12、ult worm migrate and parasitize the organs outside the portal venous system and cause damages. It is relatively high in lung and brain. 17. Hepatorenal syndrome: Acute renal failure occurring without other cause in a person with severe liver disease. The exact cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknow

13、n. The kidney structure remains essentially normal and the kidneys often will instantly function well if the liver disease is corrected. 18. Widal tsest: A test involvin g agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid

14、fever; used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi. 19. Dane particle: It is complete virion of HBV ,and it is composed of envelop and nucleus.There are HBsAg,glucoprotein and fatty in the envelop,and HBV-DNA, DNAp, HbcAg in the nucleus.It is the replicon of HBV. 20. SIRS: Syste

15、mic inflammatory response syndrome:with two or more of following conditions:fever38 or hypothemia36）tachypnea（20 breath/min）or PaCO24.3 Kpatachycardiaheart rate90 beats/min leukocytosis1210 /L or第 2 页,共 6 页学习好资料 欢迎下载9 leucopenia410 /L. Part : 1. the five manifestation of infection感染过程的五种表现 Pathogen

16、is killed or eliminated; Covert infection or subclinical infection, it is usually the most common; Overt infection or clinical infection: the pathogen enter the host and caused damages as well as immunological response. It is usually easy to be recognized in clinics. Carrier state: It is a very impo

17、rtant source of infection; Latent infection: it is usually seen in herpesviridae, tuberculosis, malaria, et al. 2. Pleasedescribebriefly the factors involvedin the pathogenecity of apathogen致 病才能包 括哪几个方面. Invasiveness: the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissues; Virulence: it is c

18、onsists of toxins and other virulent factors; Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease; Variability: The pathogen may mutate under the pressure of the environment or host. 3. theprerequisite of anepidemic of acommunicabledisease传 .染病流行的必要条件 Three prerequisite are require

19、d for a communicable disease to spread. First, there must be a source of infection which disseminate pathogen continuously. Second, there must some persons who lack special immunity to the disease,ie, susceptible. Last, the pathogen must reach the susceptible, the route of transmission. 4. thebasicc

20、haracteristic of communicablediseas（e传染病的基本特点）.The main difference between communicable disease and other disease is that the former has four basic characteristics. All communicable diseases are infectious diseases and both are caused by a pathogen. But the former have infectivity/ communicability,

21、it is the main difference between them. And communicable diseaseshave some epidemiological feature. In addition, there is post-infection immunity no matter covert infection or overt infection. 5. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of fulminant hepatitis/hepatitis gravis 重型肝炎 的诊断标准. 第 3 页

22、,共 6 页学习好资料 欢迎下载Fulminant hepatitis is arare syndrome usually associated with hepatitis B. It is characterized by rapid clinical deterioration. Its diagnostic criteria in our country is: Severe digestive disorder: poor feeding, nausea and frequent vomiting, fatigue; Progressively deepened jaundice;

23、Hepatoencephalopathy; Hepatorenal syndrome; Decreased volume of liver; Bleeding pronenss; Rapidly increased ascites 6. clinical characteristics / diagnostic criteria of cholestatic hepatitis？Clinical symptoms: Jaundice is the main manifestation and it lasts longer than three weeks. Skin itch is usua

24、lly more severe at night. Rashescan occur on the neck, chest, back, and wrists. Stool color becomes lighter and urine color becomes darker. Although there can be many symptoms, the patient usually will not feel extremely ill. Laboratory tests: Direct bilirubin in the serum elevated and its proportio

25、n is more than 60% of the total bilirubin. Serum combined bile acid elevated to 10 to 20 times higher than the normal range. AKP, GGT, cholesterol, and 5- nucleotidase are obviously elevated, and the ALT elevation is moderate. B-Ultrasound: It can distinguish intra or extra liver obstruction. 7. com

26、mon / main manifestation of acute viral hepatitis？Malaise, anorexia, fever, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain and tender hepatomegaly; Increased liver enzymes ALT, AST, bilirubin, prothrombin time and globulin; Serum positive for hepatic virus; May have history of recent i

27、ngestion of undercooked shellfish or sewage-contaminated water. 8.the key points of blood culture （1）before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever；（2）repeatmorethan3 time；（3）the amount of the blood sample should be10ml in adults or older children, 5ml in 第 4 页,共 6 页学习好资料 欢迎下载i

28、nfants；（4）blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. bone marrow culture is recommended; drug sensitivity test is very necessary. 9. therapeutic principals of fulminant meningococcal meningitis. specific antibiotics should be given in

29、travenously promptly. The preferred drug is penicillin; anti-shock therapy; use of glucocorticoids糖皮质激素 such as methylprednisolone or DXM; if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated; anticoagulant therapy

30、 if DIC is present; supportive therapy to maintain vital organs. 10 main manifestations of acute schistosomiasis. The majority of infected person are asymptomatic or have mild, nonspecific symptoms. Only 5 to 10 percent of infected populations have severe clinical symptoms. They include chills, spiking fever, generalized weakness, myalgia, head