2023初高英语衔接讲义第07讲-动词和动词短语（学生版+解析版）

1、第07讲动词与情态动词动词和动词短语一、定义与分类表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。动词决定着句子意思的表达，同时又决定着句子的语法结构。1 .根据动词在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。*说明：很多动词是兼类词。如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（have是实义动词，意为“举行、进行）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（have是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时。）2.根据动词后是否带有宾语，可分为及物动词与不及物动词两类（英语缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.）,及物动词 后带宾语.，不及物动词后不带宾语*说明:

2、同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。如：She can dance and sing,她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词，不带宾语。）She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词，跟many English songs作宾语。） 常见的不及物动词有：apolopize, appear, arrive, come, go,run, walk, die, fall, flow, happen, rise, stay, sit,lie, stand 等。实义动词又可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词:持续性动词（延续

3、动词）表示一种可以持续的行为 过程或状态。drink, eat, fly, have, keep, know, lie, live, play, rain, read, run, sing. sleep, smoke, snow, stand. talk, wait, walk, wear, work非延续性动词（终止动词）表示行为或过程是在短暂 瞬间完成的。admit, arrive, begin, borrow, buy, break,close, come, die, fall, go, hit, join, jump, leave, lose, marry, open, put, st

4、art, stop, lay.动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。）She wants to learn English well她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）*说明：英语中共有三种非谓语动词：动词不定式、动名词、分词，.根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语。如:.The English language contains many phrasal verbs a

5、nd verbal phrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。 （contains是单字动词。）.must have done意为“（过去）一定做过“，只用于肯定句。eg： It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。.cant have done意为“(过去)不可能做过“eg： Mr smith cant have have gone to Beijing, for T saw him in the library just now.should/ought to have done ”本该

6、做某事而实际上未做”；should not have done/ ought not have done 表示“不该做某事反而做 了“。eg: Look, Mary is crying. I should*nt /oughtnt have spoken to her so rudely.6.needn9t have done ”本来不必做某事而实际上却做了eg: I got up early, but I neednt have done so, because I had no work to do that morning.我起床起得很早，但我本来不必起那么早的，因为我那天早上没什么事做。

7、检测训练基础过关I .选词填空Must I finish the task right now?一 No, you.(dont have to/mustnt)Its so near. we have taken a taxi.CshouldnVcant)You have spent so much time playing computer games.(mustnt/oughtn1( to)Shall I leave the room so that you two can talk?一No, you.(mustnt/neednt)He have missed the train; he a

8、rrived atthe train station two hours earlier.(can,t/mustn,t)You start at once if you want to catch the bus.(have to/ought to)They stay in the office last night because of the snowstorm.(had to/must)We have helped him; in that case, he would have been able to finish the work.(should/can)He finished a

9、ll the work himself; in fact, he have asked his friends for help.(need/could)Something terrible have happened if Li Chang was not coming to eat in his restaurant as he always did.(have to/must)能力提升Text 1(2022.河北石家庄市第二十四中学高一开学考试)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。Daisy was a little girl 1 had alway

10、s longed to help endangered species of wildlife. One day she woke up and found a 2 (fly) carpet by her bed. It took her to a distant land where Daisy can find the animals that were in 3 (dangerous ). The carpet travelled 4 fast that next minute they were in Zimbabwe. Daisy turned around and found th

11、at she 5 (watch) by an elephant. Have you come to take my photo?, it asked.6 relief Daisy burst into 7 (laugh). Dont laugh J said the elephant, “We used to be an endangered species. Farmers 8 (hunt) us without mercy. They said we destroyed their farms, and money from tourists only went to the large

12、tour companies. So the government decided 9 (help). They allowed tourists to hunt only a certain number of animals if they paid the farmers. Now the farmers are happy and our numbers10(increase). So good things are being done here to save local wildlife79Text 2(2020.浙江丽水外国语实验学校高一开学考试)阅读下面材料、在空白处填入适当

13、的内容(1个单词)或 括号内单词的正确形式。China, once famous for four inventions in ancient times, has once again showed its ability 11 (change) the world with itsnew four great inventions： electronic payments, shared bicycles, high-speed railways and online shopping.With electronic payments, people can buy and eat 12

14、they want simply with a tap of their phones. Electronic payments are so convenient that they are really popular with folks. Even pancake sellers are found13(use) Alipay. The bikes themselves are not new, 14 the operating model of bike-sharing isinnovative. Chinese companies have surprised the world

15、with the business model of bike-sharing which 15 (include) high technologies, and are entering overseas markets such as Singapore and Britain. The launch of high-speed trains has a 16 (big) influence on peoples choice of traveling than expected. The newly launched Fuxing Hao can travel at an 17(amaz

16、e) speed of 300 km/h, making the 1, 318km journey infive and three-quarter hours. China also takes the lead in online shopping with various e-commerce platforms.the 11. 11 shopping day in 2018, sales hit 10 billion yuan in the first 2 minutes after midnight and(reach) 213. 5 billion by the end of th

17、e day.Thanks to the large amounts of capital (资金)China has invested in encouraging inmovation (仓新),Chinahas entered 20 new innovative time.真题初体验(2021浙江卷)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。It doesnt impress like George Washingtons plantation on the Potomac, but Lincolns home in downtown Springfield,

18、 Illinois, 36(prove ) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public. Beautifully restored (彳修复)to its 1860 appearance, the house was Abraham and Mary Lincoln*s home for 17 years. In 1844 they bought it37$ 1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their38(marry) ceremony in 184

19、2.When the house was built, it was much 39(small) than it is today. Marys niece wrote, MThe little home40 (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh. Mary loved it. She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of 41(she) , everything in good taste and in perfect order.Although Mary loved flow

20、ers, 42 she nor her husband was known as a gardener. A long- time neighbor said they never planted trees and only kept a garden for one year. Marys sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over 43 (plant) flowers in the front yard.44 Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet

21、the needs of their growing family. Three of the four Lincoln sons were born here. After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and 45(sell) most of their furniture.(2020山东卷)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, p

22、ostcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, 36 (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big 37until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,

23、for example, 38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museums collection 41 (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.Many museums are lively places

24、 and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can playwith computer simulations (模拟)and imagine 42 (they) living at a different time in history or43 (walk)through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the citys Viking settlement is recreated, and people experien

25、ce the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical 44 (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete 45 peoples spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.(2018全国H卷)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当

26、的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country 61( grow) morecorn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over 62 past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is 63 (actual) b

27、ehind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for coms rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice64 (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water 65 rice and creates less fertilizer(化月巴)runoff. This switch has dec

28、reased 66 (pollute) in the country*s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67 (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government 68 (star

29、t) a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放)of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while 70(feed) its citizens offers useful les

30、sons for agriculture and food policy makers worldwide.* says the bank*s Juergen Vbegele.第07讲动词与情态动词动词和动词短语一、定义与分类表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。动词决定着句子意思的表达，同时又决定着句子的语法结构。1 .根据动词在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。*说明：很多动词是兼类词。如：We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。（have是实义动词，意为“举行、进行）He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。（have是

31、助动词，帮助构成现在完成时。）2.根据动词后是否带有宾语，可分为及物动词与不及物动词两类（英语缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.）,及物动词 后带宾语.，不及物动词后不带宾语*说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。如：She can dance and sing,她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词，不带宾语。）She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词，跟many English songs作宾语。） 常见的不及物动词有：apolopize, appear, arrive, come, go,run, w

32、alk, die, fall, flow, happen, rise, stay, sit,lie, stand 等。实义动词又可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词:持续性动词（延续动词）表示一种可以持续的行为 过程或状态。drink, eat, fly, have, keep, know, lie, live, play, rain, read, run, sing. sleep, smoke, snow, stand. talk, wait, walk, wear, work非延续性动词（终止动词）表示行为或过程是在短暂 瞬间完成的。admit, arrive, begin, borrow, b

33、uy, break,close, come, die, fall, go, hit, join, jump, leave, lose, marry, open, put, start, stop, lay.动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。）She wants to learn English well她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。）*说明：英语中共有三种非谓语动词：动词不定式、动名词、分词，

34、.根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类，分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语。如:.The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases,英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。（contains是单字动词。）Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。（lookup 是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the okL年轻人应照料老人。（take care of 是动词短语。）.动词有五种基本形式

35、:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、-ing形式。如：looklookslooked-lookedlookingnotice-noticesinoticednoticed-noticing二、系动词系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb）,作为系动词，它本身有词义但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称 补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。”说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。如:.He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟表语ill,说明主语情况。He fell off the ladder,他从梯

36、子上摔下来。（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。.状态系动词：用来陈述事实，表示主语状态，只有be 一词。如:He is a teacher.（is与表语一起说明主语的 身份。）She was unhappy yesterday.（was 与表语 unhappy 一起说明主语的状态。）.持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度。主要有:keep, stay, remain, lie, stand, hold, rest, continueo 如:He always kept silent at meeting.This matter rests a mystery.表像系动词，表示“看起

37、来像，W：seem, appear, look等。如：He looks tired.He seems （to be）very sad.感官系动词,感官系动词主要有look, feel, smell, sound, tasteo如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.This flower smells very sweet.变化系动词，这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。 如：He became mad after that.She grew rich within a

38、 short time.It is getting hotter.终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,表达“证实”，“变成”“最终说明”之意。如: The rumor proved false-The search proved difficult.His plan tuned out a success.（turnout 表终止性结果）【注意】.有些连系动词与形容词的搭配较为固定，如:come true（变成现实），draw near（临近），fall asleep（入睡），fall ill（生病），go bad（变质），go mad（发疯），go hung

39、ry（挨饿）,go wrong（出毛病）,get lost（迷路）,get ready（准备 好），keep calm（保持冷静），keep clean and tidy（保持整洁）make certain（确认），make sure（确信），run dry（干枯）， stand firm（不让步），stand still（站着不动）If you come clean about what happened, I will promise to keep it to myself.发生了 什么事你都告诉我，我保证不 会对别人讲的。The prediction is coming true.So

40、mething went wrong with the computer.The charges of water and electricity will fall due tomorrow; don*t forget to pay it.水电费到明天就到期了，别忘记 交。. seem,叩pear, prove, turn out,等连系动词后可接to be,也可不接（to be）后如果是名词且无形容词修饰, to be常不省）。She seemed （to be）an honest woman-She seemed to be a nurse.-She appears （to be） as

41、leep.The party turned out （to be）very successful.三、助动词.协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身无词义，不可单独使 用。如：He doesn*t like English.（doesn*t是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词，有词义）.动完成下功用（1）表示时态。如：He is singing.（构成正在进行时）He has got married.（构成现在完成时）（2）表示语态。如：He was sent to England.构成疑问句。如：Do you like college life?Did y

42、ou study English before you came here?(4)与not合用，构成否认句。如:I dont like him.(5)加强语气。如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening-He did know that.最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 等。.助动词的用法：助动词be的用法构成进行时态:be +现在分词。如:They are having a meeting.English is becoming more and more important.构成被动语态:

43、be +过去分词。如:The window was broken by Tom.English is taught throughout the world.be+动词不定式，可表示以下内容：a.表示最近、未来的计划或安排。如：He is to go to New York next week.We are to teach the freshmen.*说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。但其表达了决心和不可更改之意。b.表示命令、安排等。如：You are to explain this.He is to come to the office this afternoon.d.征求

44、意见。如：How am I to answer him? Who is to go there?e.表示相约、商定。如：We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning .f.表示“注定会如：Tom is too careless, so he is to fail.Tom 太粗心了,所以他注定会失败。(2)助动词have的用法构成完成0寸态：have +过去分词。如:He has left for London.By the end of last month they had finished half of their

45、 work 到上个月底，他们已经完成了 半数工作。构成完成进行时:have+been + 现在分词。如:I have been studying English for ten years.构成被动语态的完成式:have+been + 过去分词。如:English has been taught in China for many years.助动do的用法构成一般疑问句。如：Do you want to pass the CET? Did you study German?do+not构成否认句。如：.1 do not want to be criticized,我不想挨批评。He does

46、n*t like to study.In the past, many students did not know the importance of English 过去，很多学生不知道英语的重要性。构成否认祈使句。n?Don*t go there.Dont be so absent-minded*说明：构成否认祈使句只用do,不用did和does放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。如：Do come to my birthday party.一定要来我的生日派对。I did go there.我确实去过那儿。I do miss you.我真的想你。用于倒装句。如：Never did I he

47、ar of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English 只有当开始我们的大学生活，我们 才意识到英语的重要性。*说明：引起此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom,hardly,rarely, scarcely, little, only so, well 等。用作代动词。例如：Do you like Beijing?Yes, I do.（do 作代动词,代替 like Beijing.）（5）助动词shall和will的用法。Sha

48、ll/will作助动词可与动词原形构成一般将来时。如:,I shall study harder at English.-He will go to Shanghai.*说明：在过去的语法中，助动词时shall用于第一人称，will只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其在口语 中，will常用于第一人称，但作助动词时shall只用于第一人称，假设用于第二、第三人称就是情态动词，试 比拟：He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）He will come他要来。（will与动词原形构成一般将来时。）(5)助动should, would的用法should无词义，只是shall的过

49、去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称。如：I tel叩honed him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.昨天我给他打 问我卜周做什么。比拟:“What shall I do next week?nI asked.(shall 变成间接引语时，变成 shouldo )would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。如：He said he would come.比拟:T will go,n he said.(w川变成间接引语H寸，变成了 He said he would come w川变

50、成would go变成come。)情态动词定义：表示说话人的态度和语气的动词，本身有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，和后面的动词原形共同构成谓 语。情态动词包括：can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to 等。特点：.各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。.情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。.情态动词在句中不受任何人称，性，数变化的影响。.情态动词后接的不定式(除。ught外)都不带to,即接动词原形。一、can 和 could.“能

51、够”,表示能力(体力、知识、技能)can的过去式是could。To our surprise, she can drive a car but cant ride a bicycle.He could speak several languages when he was young.“能够”，表示建议或请求他人许可。-Can I go now?-Yes, you can. / No, you cant.此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯 定句和答语中。-Could I come to see you tomorrow?-Y

52、es, you can. ( No, Tm afraid not.)3,表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度)，用于疑问句、否认句和感叹句中。Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。（lookup 是短语动词。）The young ought to take care of the okL年轻人应照料老人。（take care of 是动词短语。）5.动词有五种基本形式:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、-ing形式。如：looklookslooked-lookedlookingnotice-

53、noticesinoticednoticed-noticing二、系动词系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb）,作为系动词，它本身有词义但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称 补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。”说明：有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语。如:.He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词，后跟表语ill,说明主语情况。He fell off the ladder,他从梯子上摔下来。（fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。.状态系动词：用来陈述事实，表示主语状态，只有be 一词。如:He is a teach

54、er.（is与表语一起说明主语的 身份。）She was unhappy yesterday.（was 与表语 unhappy 一起说明主语的状态。）.持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度。主要有:keep, stay, remain, lie, stand, hold, rest, continueo 如:He always kept silent at meeting.This matter rests a mystery.表像系动词，表示“看起来像，W：seem, appear, look等。如：He looks tired.He seems （to be）very sad.

55、感官系动词,感官系动词主要有look, feel, smell, sound, tasteo如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.This flower smells very sweet.变化系动词，这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有:become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。 如：He became mad after that.She grew rich within a short time.It is getting hotter.He cant be sleeping now, fbr the l

56、ight is on.Can this be true?.can be +形容词，表示“有时会”It can be as hot as 40 in my hometown in summer.be able to通常表示能做并且已经做了的事，can/could仅表示能力。如：I was able to swim to the bank when the ship sank.I could lift the heavy box.二、may/might1 .表示请求和允许。might比may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否认回答时可用can*或mustnt表示“不 可以，禁止”。Might/ May

57、I smoke in this room?- No, you mustnt.Might I ask a question?2,表示可能性。might的可能性较小。The phone is ringing. It may be Tom. He said he would phone me.It might be true.Your mother may /might not know the truth.用于祈使句，表示祝愿。May you succeed!.may/might as well ”不妨，最好”I am too busy now. You may as well ask him f

58、or help.我现在太忙了，你不妨去求助于他。三、shall/should/ought toshall的用法Lshall用于一、三人称，表示征求对方的意见。Shall we go to the cinema tonight?今晚去看电影好不好？2.shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁、。1）, You shall fail if you dont work hard.（警告）. He shall have the book when I finish it.（允诺）. He shall be punished.（威胁、） should的用法.“应该”表示建议或

59、劝告 You should give up smoking.应该”表示推测 Ifs too late. He should be sleeping now.表示一种惊讶语气，译为“竟然，居然”I am so shocked that he should talk to his parents like that.他竟然那样对父母讲话，太让我震惊 了。ought to表示“应该”，更强调一种责任或义务We students ought to offer our seats to the old when taking a bus.在公四、will/would1）表示请求、建议等，would更委婉

60、。Will / Would you pass the dictionary to me, please?2）表示意志、愿望和决心。will never do that again.They asked him if he would go abroad.3） would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习 惯”的含义。During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.The wound would not heal.4）表示某种倾向性 Fish will die witho