英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论

1、 Practice of International Trade Chapter 1.You Are Who You ArePerformance 30%Attendance 15%Exercises & homework 15%Final exam 70%.Starting from iPhone.ObjectivesTo master the procedure of International Trade practiceTo learn how to make required documentsTo master standard business terms and express

2、ions.目录CONTENTSC1 Introduction to International Trade 国际贸易导论C2 Business Negotiation and Conclusion of the Contract 买卖磋商与合同订立C3 Quality and Quantity of Goods 商品的质量与数量C4 Packing and Marking 包装与标志C5 International Trade Terms 国际贸易术语C6 International Cargo Transport 国际货物运输C7 Cargo Transport Insurance 货物运输

3、保险C8 International Payment 国际支付C9 Inspection/Claims/Force Majeure and Arbitration 检验、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁C10 Performance of the Contract 进出口合同的履行.1.1 What Is International Trade？Viewed from the international sphere, the exchanges of goods and services across international boundaries or territories are worldwi

4、de trade transactions, and also known as international trade or world trade. A. The definition of international trade 国际贸易International Trade是指不同国家和/或地域之间的商品和劳务的交换活动。国际贸易是商品和劳务的国际转移。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。国际贸易由进口贸易Import Trade和出口贸易(Export Trade)两部分组成，故有时也称为进出口贸易。.Some concepts:Foreign Trade对外贸易: From the perspe

5、ctive of one country, international trade is also called foreign trade.Visible Trade(有形贸易: Trade in goods which can be actually seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country.Invisible Trade无形贸易: Trade in services and technologies.Tangible goods.Intangible services.Case Study

6、Suppose that an America-based multinational company set up two subsidiaries in China. The parent company signed a sales contract with the subsidiaries, which stipulated that the parent company would make the delivery to one of the subsidiaries in Shanghai, which should forward some of the goods to a

7、nother subsidiary at Chengdu. Question: Is the transaction between the parent company and the two subsidiaries an international trade?.国际性的判别规范买卖双方当事人的营业地处于不同国家当事人具有不同的国籍订立合同的行为完成于不同国家货物须由一国运往另一国.1.2 Why International Trade？Why do countries trade? Shouldnt a strong country such as the United States

8、produce all of the computers, television sets, automobiles and cameras it wants rather than import such products from Japan? Why do the Japanese and other countries buy wheat, corn, chemical products, aircraft, manufactured goods, and informational services from the United States?.1.2 Why Internatio

9、nal Trade？1Resources reasons Climate conditions and terrain Agricultural produce Colombia and BrazilCoffee beans coffee A big wheat exporter The US Great Plains states 北美中部大平原.1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons (2) Natural resourcesMiddle East : 70% worlds total oil reserve 40% world tot

10、al outputOver 2/3 of the oil that Western Europe and Japan consume .1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons(3) Technologies and laborImporting advanced equipment from the US, Japan (4) Capital resourcesThe lack of capital- developing countries are unable to modernize their industries and econ

11、omies with advanced machinery, equipment, and plant they are not yet able to manufacture.1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons(5) Geographical location and transport costsUS VS CanadaEU.1.2 Why International Trade？1Resources reasons(6) Insufficient productionOnly 1.2% labor - in food produc

12、tion Importing US$25 billion annually .1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons1Opportunity CostDefinition: The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. (New Oxford American Dictionary )Opportunity cost is a key concept in economics, and has been described

13、as expressing the basic relationship between scarcity and choice为了得到某种东西而所要放弃另一些东西的最大价值；也可以了解为在面临多方案择一决策时，被舍弃的选项中的最高价值者是本次决策的时机本钱；还指厂商把一样的消费要素投入到其他行业当中去可以获得的最高收益。.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons1Opportunity CostGiven a choice of producing one product or another, it is more efficient to

14、 produce the product with the lower opportunity cost, using the increased production of that product to trade for the product with the higher opportunity cost.So you should carefully calculate your cost and benefit and make a wiser choice! Think of your opportunity cost of studying here?.1.2 Why Int

15、ernational Trade？2Economic reasons2The principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith(1723-1790) The Wealth of Nations .1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons2The principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势 countrycommodity FranceEnglandWine (L/H)61Cloth (Y/H)45L: literH: hourY: yard. countrycommodi

16、ty FranceEnglandWine (L/H)61Cloth (Y/H)45In France: Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1/6 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/4 hourIn England:Cost of Wine: 1 unit = 1 hourCost of Cloth: 1 unit = 1/5 hour.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasonsYou and your friends decided to help with fundraising for a local c

17、harity group by printing t-shirts and making birdhouses.Scenario 1: One of your friends, Gina, can print 5 t-shirts or build 3 birdhouses an hour. Your other friend, Mike, can print 3 t-shirts an hour or build 2 birdhouses an hour. Because your friend Gina is more productive at printing t-shirts and

18、 building birdhouses compared to Mike, she has an absolute advantage in both printing t-shirts and building birdhouses.当两个国家消费两种商品，运用一种消费要素劳动时，假设刚好A国家在一种商品上劳动消费率高，B国家在这种商品上劳动消费率低，那么A国该商品消费上具有绝对优势。两国按各自的绝对优势进展专业消费分工并参与贸易，那么两国都能从贸易中得到利益。这种贸易利益来自专业化分工促进劳动消费率的提高。.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic re

19、asons3The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势On the Principles of Political Economy and TaxationDavid Ricardo.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons2The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势Born to win 天生我材必有用理财 他我 1分营销 他我 3分我们的分工协作关系是建立在比较优势之上，而不是绝对优势之上。由于他的时间精神是有限的。虽然他什么都比我行，但他不能什么都本人

20、做。当然他可以选择什么都本人做，但那样他得到的收益会少于和我协作他所得的份额。.比较优势实际Theory of Comparative Advantage)可以表述为：每个人都消费本国和世界各国许多其他人所消费的物品或者劳务，一个可以用较少投入消费该物品的人被称为在消费该物品上具有绝对优势，消费该物品的时机本钱比较小的人称为具有比较优势，而贸易的益处那么是基于比较优势，而不是绝对优势，贸易可以使得每个人的情况变得更好，由于它使得人们可以专门从事本人具有比较优势的活动，但这个原理并不仅仅适用于个人。在两国间，劳动消费率的差距并不是在任何商品上都是相等。对于处于绝对优势的国家， 应集中力量消费优势

21、较大的商品，处于绝对优势的国家，应集中力量消费优势较小的商品，然后经过国际贸易，相互交换，彼此都节省了劳动，都得到了益处。2The principle of comparative advantage 比较优势.1.2 Why International Trade？2Economic reasons要留意区分“绝对与“比较绝对优势是本人的某种商品跟他人的一个比较，即处于绝对优势或优势；比较优势是本人多种商品之间的一个比较，选择消费绝对优势最大的商品或绝对优势最小的商品，从而实现利益最大化。亚当斯密以为社会各经济主体( 各国) 按照本人的专长实行分工, 进展专业化消费, 然后经过国际市场进展贸

22、易, 从而实现各自的绝对利益；而李嘉图以为对于处于绝对优势的国家，应集中力量消费优势较大的商品，处于绝对优势的国家，应集中力量消费优势较小的商品，从而实现相对即比较利益。有绝对优势一定有比较优势，有比较优势不一定有绝对优势。绝对优势是同一产品一国对另一国的优势，是内生的，而比较优势实际是同一国一产品对另一种产品的优势，是外生性的.The suppliers come from U.S. ,Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United KingdomEven the Boeing 777 Isnt All America

23、nSo it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S. product; what is “Japanese product. .1.3 Benefits of International Trade(2) Goods or services of greater variety A chance to obtain a wider variety of products Living standards of the people is improved Goods or services at a lower price Compar

24、ative advantages The same quality at lower prices Trade is beneficial to all the participants Competition makes prices even lower. 一个牛肉与土豆的例子。假设世界上只需两个人：养牛的人和种土豆的人。假设两个人“老死不相往来，那么，在吃了几个月烤牛肉、煮牛肉、炸牛肉和烧牛肉之后，养牛人一定觉得本人并不怎样惬意；同样，不断吃土豆泥、炸土豆、烤土豆和用贝壳烘土豆的农民一定也有同感。假设牛肉和土豆之间展开贸易，这时每个人就都可以有汉堡包和炸薯条了。贸易可以让生活变得更愉快.

25、1.3 Benefits of International Trade3Promotion of economic growth Market is expanded Development of economies of scale Economies of scale are the financial advantages that a company gains when it produces large quantities of products. 规模经济规模经济，是指由于消费专业化程度的提高等缘由，使企业的单位本钱下降，从而构成企业的长期平均本钱随着产量的添加而递减的经济。即

26、扩展运营规模可以降低平均本钱，从而提高利润程度。.1.3 Benefits of International Trade Creating jobs Enhancing domestic competitiveness Diversifying/reducing dependence onexisting markets Extending the life cycle of existing products Stabilizing seasonal market fluctuations Selling excess capacity Gaining information about f

27、oreigncompetition.1.4 Barriers to International TradeTo make up for a deficit on the balance of payment.To guarantee national security.To protect their national industries.1.4.1 Reasons for trade restrictions.1.4 Barriers to International Trade.1.4 Barriers to International Trade魅族3， 美国亚马逊 价钱593刀，留意

28、。这是黑色星期五打折后逗我价钱。3600对比国内的2300可谓天上地下由星巴克价钱门引出的国内外多种商品间的价钱比拼.1.4 Barriers to International TradeA. Tariffs 关税壁垒1.4.2 Methods of restrictionsA tariff is a duty or fee levied on goods being imported into a country.1.4 Barriers to International Tradea. Types of tariffs According to the time of collection

29、 import duty export dutyAccording to the methods in which tariffs are collected specific duty 从量税 ad valorem duty 从价税 mixed or compound duty 混合关税All the duties are not independent of each other, i.e. a duty can be an import, a protective, and a compound duty at the same time.A. Tariffs 关税壁垒According

30、 to the purpose of collection revenue tariff protection tariff.1.4 Barriers to International TradeB. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非关税壁垒 1.4.2 Methods of restrictionsNTBs as defined by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) allow an importing country to introduce measures which are necessary t

31、o protect human, animal or plant life or health.1.4 Barriers to International Tradea. Quota 配额制 (the most important)This is a quantitative restriction or upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value. B. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非关税壁垒 b. Voluntary Export Restrains (VERs) 自动出口限制Voluntary export

32、restrains enable one country to force onto another country through bilateral agreement a low rate of increase in export volume. “自动出口限制在方式上表现为自愿性，但在本质上却具有强迫的性质：进口国往往以商品大量进口使其有关工业遭到严重损害，呵斥“市场混乱为理由，要求出口国实行有次序的增长，自动限制商品出口。因此，“自动出口限制往往是出口国在面临进口国采取报仇性贸易措施的要挟时所作出的一种选择。.1.4 Barriers to International Tradec

33、. Anti-dumping 反倾销Anti-dumping is a kind of trade remedies; the premise of such practice is that the country must show that its domestic industry has suffered “material injury by dumped or subsidized imports. 倾销，是指一国地域的消费商或出口商以低于其国内市场价钱或低于本钱价钱将其商品抛售到另一国地域市场的行为。B. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非关税壁垒 d. Ex

34、port Subsidies 出口补贴Export subsidies are direct payments or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans to the nations exporters or potential exporter or low-interest loans to foreign buyers so as to stimulate the nations exports. 一国政府为了降低出口商品的价钱，添加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。.1.4 Barr

35、iers to International Tradee. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)技术壁垒TBT refers to unjustified technical regulations and standards applied to imported products as well as complicated certification and conformity assessment procedure. B. Non-tariffs Barriers NTBs非关税壁垒 f. International Cartels 国际卡特尔列宁指出

36、：“资本主义早已呵斥了世界市场。所以随着资本输出的添加，随着最大垄断同盟的国外联络和殖民地联络以及权利范围的扩张，自然就使得这些垄断同盟之间达成全世界的协定，构成国际卡特尔第2卷，第788页。.Trade barriers tariffs non-tariffsSocio-cultural barriers Language Religion Customs and mannersEconomic barriers exchange rate extra costTo think globally, but to act locally1.4 Barriers to International

37、 Trade中国人砍价.1.6 Organizations/ Laws and Regulations in International TradeA. GATT VS WTO1.6.1 International Organizations 世界贸易组织是根据乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判达成的建立世界贸易组织协议Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization) 于1995年1月1日建立的，取代1947年的关说与贸易总协定。GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关税及贸易总协定1947年10月3

38、0日在日内瓦签署. WTOThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 , replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. .The WTO has 159 members WTO founde