语用学的知识课件

1、语言交际能力语言能力策略能力心理身体机能组织能力语用能力语法能力语用能力言外之意能力社会语言能力评价规划实施生产接受口头视觉听觉视觉Bachman 于1989年提出的对语言交际能力的分类。Pragmaticspragmatical 实用主义的pragmatics 语用论pragmatism 实用主义 语用学理论及应用姜望琪 编著 北京大学英语系教材系列 北京大学出版社出版美国哲学家莫里斯（C.Morris）和卡耐基（R.carnap）在1938年符号基础理论一书中提出符号三分说：句法学（符号关系学）Syntactics 是研究符号与符号之间的关系；语义学semantics是研究符号与符号所指对

2、象的关系；语用学pragmatics则是研究符号与符号解释者的关系。符号关系学语义学语用学In 1937,the American philosopher CharlesMorris introduced the word “Pragmatics” into literature.威廉莫里斯（Charles William Morris，1901？）美国哲学家，现代“指号学”创始人之一。主要著作有逻辑实证主义、实用主义和科学的经验主义、符号理论的基础、符号、语言和行为、人类价值种种、意谓和意义等。他把实用主义和逻辑实证主义结合起来，提出“科学的经验主义全名：鲁道夫卡尔纳普（Rudolf Car

3、nap，又译卡纳普，1891年5月18日-1970年9月14日）是20世纪著名的美国分析哲学家，生于德国。 The publication of Saussure s work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning if modern linguistics and at the same time laid the key note for modern linguistics studies.The international Journal of pragmatics ca

4、me into being in 1977.The International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) has been existence since 1985.leech是否涉及说话人或听话人是否涉及说话人的意图或听话人的理解是否涉及语境是否涉及通过使用语言所实施的行为 有一个满足，则是语用学范畴Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterance have meanings in situations. Leech Pragmatics is the branch of lin

5、guistics that deals with the meanings and effects which come from the use of language in particular situations. 网络词典wikipediaPragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. YuleDefinitions of pragmaticsDefinitions of pragmaticsPragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice

6、 of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Crystal 1987There is a distinction between a hearers knowledge of the world. Blakemore 1992Pragmatics =meaning semanticsAdvantages & DisadvantagesOne can talk about peoples intended meaning , their assumptions, their purpose

7、s or goals, and the kind of actions that they are performing when they speak.All these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way.Syntactics: the formal relation of signs to one another.Semantics: the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs

8、are applicable.Pragmatics: the relation of signs to interpreters.Semantics & Pragmatics句法学是双价的;语用学是三价的。双价的：A意指B三价的：说话人通过A意指BDog 意指“一种犬科哺乳的动物”说话人通过“dog”意指“小心！有狗”Donkey 亦可称ass“Janet！Donkeys!” Leech 1981年提出 对意义的研究没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义语义学是对语言能力(competence)的研究语用学是对语言行为(performance)的研究语

9、言行为是语言能力的具体体现 ChomskySemantics & PragmaticsPeter bought a car.It was Peter who bought a car.It was a car that Peter bought.What peter bought was a car.句法学：说明这些句子是同一深层经过不同转换的结果语义学：这些句子都是同义的。语用学：这些句子都是不同的。Semantics & Pragmatics 恭喜你语音学家会分析其中每个字的发音以及整个句子的语调。句法学家会指出这是一个无主语的祈使句，有一个动词加一个代词组成。语义学家关心的是这句话的意思

10、：向某个人表示祝贺。语用学家则将结合具体语境，考虑说话人是谁，“你”又是谁，说话人在怎样的情况下向“你”道喜，他是真的道喜，还是挖苦嘲讽，甚至是泄愤？Grammatical analysis & Pragmatics analysisRule & Principle right or wrong & obey to some extent and violate them to some extent He studies Linguistics. tell the truth or to be polite Products & Processes DeixisSpeech actsIndi

11、rect language Conversation PolitenessCross-cultural communication PresuppositionTopics of Pragmatics StudiesReferenceDeixisAnaphoraPresuppositionTopics of Pragmatics StudiesSpeech act theoryConversation PolitenessPresuppositionmicropragmaticsmacropragmatics新编语言学教程 刘润清 文旭 编著 外语教学与研究出版社Reference 指称A:

12、Where is the fresh salad sitting?B: He is sitting by the door.A: Can I look at your Shakespeare.B: Sure, its on the shelf over there.Anaphora回指A: Can I borrow your dictionary?B: Yeah, its on the table.anaphor or anaphor expression I walked into the room. The window looked out to the bay.indirect ana

13、phor or bridging reference(搭桥参照)DeixisDeixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as who is speaking the time or place of speaking the gestures of the speaker, or the current location in the discourse.

14、 指示的语法范畴指示词语的语法范畴主要是人称代词、指示代词、定冠词以及一些表示时间和地点的副词，如：there ,here, now, then 等，这些项称为指示词项或指示词语（deixical items）指示词语的用法姿势型的用法 (gestural usage)象征型的用法 ( symbolic usage)Levinson1983年提出Fillmore 1971年使用Put the piano here, No, not here .But there.You, you, but not you, are dismissed.I was just a kid then. Levins

15、onDeixisThis one is genuine, but this one is a fake.You, you, but not you, are dismissed.This city is really beautiful.What did you say?I am working on a new book now.Youll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they arent here now.指示词语的非指示性用法一个词语的实体所指如果出现在篇章之中，那么这个词语和它所指称为“文内照应（endophoric refere

16、nce）”。否则称为“文外照应（exophoric reference）”。文内照应是属于篇章分析范畴。一些用法既不属于文内照应也不属于文外照应如：we ,you 泛指人的用法。Here you are . There we go.指示词指示性非指示性象征型姿势型文内照应其他作用指示的类别(types of deixis)人称指示(person deixis)时间指示(time deixis)方位指示(place deixis)篇章指示(discourse deixis)社会指示(social deixis)人称指示呼语 （vocative）姓名，头衔，基于社会地位的称呼，以及第二人称代词 y

17、ou等。We complemented ourselves too soon, John.Lets have a party.Lets enjoy ourselves.*lets go to see you tomorrow.How are we feeling today?(医生问病人)人称指示第一、第二人称可做为文外照应。第三人称在大多数情况下是用于文内照应的，但并不意味着它们不能用于文外照应。He is not the president .He is .He is the secretary.时间指示Time deixis is mainly performed by time adv

18、erbials like now, then, afternoon, week, month, or their names Monday, January , together with this, that, last, next .具体的年月日如：1999年8月7日。不是语用学的研究范围。时间指示有选择时间指示词这一特点：(Today , now,后天,)方位指示没有界限（相对参照物）说话人 there hereThat thisThere hereGotakeComebring方位指示有时把交际双方看成一个整体，尽管两人空间存在距离。Shall we go out there.We w

19、ere here last night.有时空间距离显得不重要，this 和that 的区别就淡化了。This is the one.Thats the one. (找到东西的时候)方位词非指示性 five kilometers from the center of the city to the east of China 指示性 Bob is the man to the left of Mark.Proximal & DistalI live here now.I lived here then.I could swim (when I was a child).I could be i

20、n Hawaii if I had a lot of money.If I had a yacht,-If I were rich,-Current time & -current time and -reality定冠词the 的指示用法Stand by this desk.Sit in that chair.Come to the blackboard.John is behind the truck.(指示用法deictic)John is behind the tree.（非指示用法）The 的用法The 表示所属：The horse is a useful animal.表示照应文内照应文外照应前照应后照应姿势型象征型(指示世界上唯一的人或物)礼貌用法I am coming. 既不以说话人也不以听话人所在地为参照点。而以两人之中的任何一个人的家宅为指示参照点。但两人都身处在这个家宅之外。（home-based）篇章指示指示代词 this 和that在篇章中用以表示某一话语和上文之间的语义关系的一些词语和短语：but ,therefore, to the contrary, still, well, besides, above all用于时间指示的一些词语：last ,next, preceding, following, previousThe last sente