同济大学跨文化交际考点整理

1、Intercultural communication is communication between members of different cultures. Intercultural communication involves differing perception (感知)，attitudes and interpretations(解释).Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with sy

2、mbols.Communication is a dynamic, systematic process and is symbolic.Communication thus can be defined as a behavior-affecting process in which one-person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience(receivers) in order to induce a particular att

3、itude or behavior.Characteristics of communication:Communication is an ongoing,everchanging activity.Interactive natureIrreversibleTake place in both a physical and social contextCulture:Culture is communication, and communication is culture.High-context and low-context cultures:High-context： betwee

4、n twins大家知道大部分的事情Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also status.low-context大家不知道很多事情依靠文字表达，through verbal communicationlow-context的人总是事无巨细都讲讲，让High-context的人 impatient and irritated.中国 high-context美国 low-contextCulture dimension: Individualism-collectivism,

5、 Uncertainty avoidance, Power distance, Masculinity and femininity.Individualism-collectivism:每个国家文化都有独立和集体化的一面。只是有倾向。High-Uncertainty avoidance避免很多不确定性，制定规则，避免不确 定的想法；low-Uncertainty avoidance：愿意冒风险Power distanceHigh- Power distance :人们是不平等的；low- Power distance:平等 的Masculinity and femininity：Mascul

6、inity :野心勃勃，男女不平等，对金钱的追求Femininity： caring and nurturing behaviors； 男的可以在家里； 男女平等;Culture and languageAchieving equivalence in translation:Direct translations in many cases are different: worde have more than one meaning; many words have no direct translations, cultural orientations can render a dir

7、ect translation into nonsensical results; culture may not have the background to translate experience specific to other cultures.Lexical equivalence:相同意思之间略微的差异Idiomatic equivalence:习语，歇后语的翻译Grammatical-syntactical equivalence:Experiential equivalence:Conceptual equivalence: eg： I love u | I like yo

8、uMonochromic (M-time) and Polychromic (P-time)The culture organized time in one of two ways.M-time :德国，奥地利，美国Time is lineal，segmented，manageable时间是可以制定计划控制的不能浪费时间P-time：Deal with time holistically同时做很多事情重视人而不是时间表破坏时间安排对时间的重视没有m-time那么强生活是无组织的Intercultural perception （观念，知觉）Stereotype :三种类型通过显而易见的特征给人们分类：人种，性别等某一类别中的每一个人都有某些特征这些群体性特征归因于每一个个体EthnocentrismCul