英语单词的结构

1、英语单词的结构什么是词？词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。就其句法功能来说，词可以分为 功能词(function word)和实义词(content word)两类。功能词指的是没有完整词汇意 义但有语法意义或语法功能的词，包括 、等。实义词指的是本身有完整词汇意义的词，包括 英语单词是由字母拼写而成的，可以由一个字母组成一个单词，如 ,也可以 由45个字母组成一个单词，如：(n.肺尘病)。英语单词的内部结构也不尽相同，让我们来分析以下三组词：book, books, bookish, bookcasetolerate, tolerance, tolerant, toleration

2、, tolerable, intolerabletelephone, telegram, telescope, telecommunication在第一组词里，book可以再分吗？在第二组词中，tolerateance ation ablein第三组例词中都有一个共同成分 ,意思是，-phone有声音的意思，如 microphone; -gram往往表示书写或描绘出来的东西，如 telegram;-scope表示“观察的仪 器，镜，如 microscope.从上面的分析可以看出，如果撇出能不能独立运用这一点，词就不是最小的有语义的单位，语言中最小的“语音和语义的结合体”称为“词素” (morp

3、heme)。上述三组词中， 除了 book外，都是由两个或两个以上的词素组成的。什么是词素？二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise, aside, aloneen-使口能enrich, enable, enslavedis-dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untieinim- ir- il-不，非inactive, incapable, i

4、npatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical irregular, irresponsibleillogical,non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方1可发展Decentralizes （分散），defrost （解冻）anti-反（对）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunererewrite, r

5、emarry, reunite, recycle,co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele远程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-supermarket, superpower,under-underline, underestimate, underground,inter-之间international, interact, inter-changesub-下,次subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontin

6、ent,trans-过，穿过，变transformation（变形），translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi两个bicycle, biennial 两年次的tri三个triangle 二角形,tricycle 二轮脚踏车 ,triplets 二胞胎multi-多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured , multiculturalkilo-千kilometre, kilogram后缀后缀例词名 词-er-ess

7、princess,-or-arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istcommunist, socialist,-ent/-antassistant-mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tion-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ag

8、eshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful,-alrefusal, denial, a

9、rrival-ydifficulty, possibility,-domfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意：-ese,-ian,-ist既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词-er构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后缀例词形 容 词-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believa

10、ble, comfortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,-ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-eng

11、olden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excelle

12、nt, frequent-lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后缀例 词动词-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,-enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify,后缀例词副 词-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward-ly

13、slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendlyMatch the right words from the right column with the words on the left.()1. enrich( )2. semicircle()3. troublesome()4. sharpen()5. job-hunting()6. limitless( )7. imaginative()8. defrosttrying to find jobsremove, get rid of ice, frostof, having, us

14、ing imaginationmake or become sharphalf a circlecausing troublemake rich, improve in quality, flavour, etc.without limitUse the appropriate form of the words to f川 in the blanks.The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying. (noise)He was one of the best in yesterda y football match. (play)Look!

15、 How Kate is laughing! (happy)It snowed last night and now the streets are covered with snow.(heavy)Edison was a great. During his life he had many. (invent)More and more have come to visit China over these years. (foreign)We want reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)Please give me some refere

16、nce work. It will my task. (simple)The boy had the of being half starved. (appear)The police have a plot against the President. (cover)The doctor said that Marys mother needed an (operate)She hoped that her son would become a (music)Few words made us excited. (speak)The days on the moon get hotter than water. (boil)Thank you for your (kind)Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their