采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献

1、 中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的1 不可能性。作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见， 举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学

2、,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。 原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建

3、材的金属。燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。这些也在自然界中发生。最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。 生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。这自然不是真实的。资讯科技在研究的文件中被列为中国国家理事会的一个主要研究计划。发展研究中心燃料和原料将会

4、轮流保持一个国家的工业组织中分配占有一定的位置。由于在煤炭产业之中，综采将会在那两个能源和原料业轮流限制等级，新技术的引入期限因2 为这些本质上为其他产业的发展有积极的影响。 因此譬如：采矿业，能源和原料产业，这些旧的产业仍然有它的存在价值和积极影响。然而,采矿业是一个传统的产业，新的科技进步和先进技术进入将会使它本身成为采矿业之内最后一个科技密集型工业。 由于出现了高度地机械化和自动化挖掘，而且机器人控制生产的无人的工作面为新科技应用的标志，采矿业而且事实证明采矿业,虽然是传统的产业,但是并不是日落产业。 只要人类活的在地球，采矿业上将会持续发展，而且当人类的生活需求增加，燃料的输出，不但不

5、会下降反而会迅速提高，而且原料消耗将会是极大的 增加 ，而且矿物产业将会仍然得到很大发展。2. 采矿学的研究对象2. 1 采矿的特征和任务在历史上国内外关于采矿主题的发展有它自己的变化发展方向。因为采矿业接近地理与地质学,和能源业他们是相互关联的学科. 如采矿主题就是一个科学的部门如何对地球上的矿物和资源的进行开发和利用，对大量的岩石和复杂的矿物等自然资源作为研究的对象的复杂的基本理论。尤其是在以下方面扮演重要角色:采矿的所要研究的物体是在自然界中与其他岩石不一致的矿石体。3.对于跨世纪的冲击在发展方向的五个的需求3. 1 更新煤层开采技术的了解;最重要的是，采矿所研究的附属的先决条件不管它是

6、否是挖掘，粉碎煤层，采矿学的技巧要沿着二个方面作研究:(1)从微观研究到宏观研究(2) 矛盾的研究在采矿和开凿期间在巷道冒落的岩石之间如何保持稳定。因此现场是学院研究的一3 个非常宽广的平台。与通常的经济而稳固的原料相比，岩石在结构上地扮演重要角色。3. 2 矿物工程新理论;采矿学系统近几年来已经发展的非常迅速， 并且广泛应用于煤炭工程。采矿学已经人机模型，通常被视为采矿系统工程学。在最近的数年，美国的一些大学的教授和这篇文章的作者两者都提出意见，采矿所面对的是机械和岩石层, 采矿学的主动性是那些藉着人类在地下环境的知识方面。3. 3 应用现代的新科技去改造传统采矿科技;中国的主要政策是用新技

7、术去改革传统的产业和高科技，它对传统产业的好处和重要性没有人会怀疑。新技术和高科技基本的特点是高科技技术的集中。正如这篇文章的开头所述，采矿学和煤炭业由于新技术和高科技而迅速发展，介绍那些与这二个产业中哪一个准许开放买卖。自从新技术的应用之后，经济效益很好，当用的时候那些为天空中的航空宇宙工程学中应用于地球在采矿学中练习明显地被需要以不同的模式获得。在80年代，柏林河已经应用光学的纤维电视，高科技在地下的采矿中对采矿干扰问题的上升到地球磁性，电和光波动, 和传导层绝缘层波动。人类花了很长时间进行研究，新技术让矿物业有了很大发展。3. 4 市场经济和矿业经济的研究在很长一段时间，在中国煤炭经济理

8、论已经得到应用，然而受计划经济的影响，当时矿物资源没被辨认出当作日用品而且没有价格的时候，即使矿物产品有了价格但是被扭曲了，结果使所有的国家采矿企业没有利润而存在，当在政治的政策上的补助。现在中国已经改变进入社会主义市场经济, 大多数的矿物企业根本地不能够适应他们自己需要，从富足农民政策的观点到特别的新情形，提出矿物4 资源的探索要超过资产实质的资本估偿，快速的流动已经重复利用做成矿物产业的观点和共同富裕的政策, 由于低点已经引起价格赤字，销售矿物的价格进入无序，甚至比较坏情形之内以不约束和无政府的状态下出现。在这环境下，煤炭企业的科学研究立刻比平常变得更显著的矿物产业。3. 5 矿物工程和生

9、态学之间的关系采矿学经过开采煤层是对表面的岩石和来自地球的地下深处的矿物的移动，从土地的表面离开这么隔开形成。 在中国采矿产品的商品流量延伸十亿立方体的，举例来说它已经明显地引起了许多消极效果:(1)废弃岩石即矸石导致耕作土地和房子的损坏;(2)大的矿井占领土地的大片区域;(3)煤炭及油燃烧产品发出废物原料，像是废气，废物液体和固体并且污染环境。在中国，每年十亿吨的煤炭燃烧如燃料产生的粉尘，NO 和CO 暖气严重威22胁了中国的生态学环境，并对附近的国家造成重大损失。4.结论 国家的科技开放对采矿的冲击4.1 紧急呼吁毋庸质疑科技是最先进的生产力，然而采矿工程的科学技术不是简单的，资讯科技不足

10、为奇，考虑煤炭工程学比较简单并且很少注意以低比率矿物回收率和取出的矿物低比率造成的最终缺乏的前景。对于这一个国家,不需要花费大量的硬币来进口实际上不需要的那些原料，自然地对国民经济的发展是不适用的。希望科学技术协会，特别是他们的领导部门，更新他们的知识结构，而且提供必需的支持，供其进行搜寻矿物产业的研究。5 4.2 国家资源政策国家的资源政策担心很多未来的状况。希望统治者建立合理的人口制度 ,控制人口的高速增长，节约矿物资源的开采,提高矿产资源的利用率。4.3 支持研究者为了支持煤炭工业的研究者和矿物产业的发展，给予大学教授以经济和系统支持，并给予煤矿工人以指导。并为煤炭重要发展方向的研究设置

11、科学基金，像其他的自然科学基金一样。写这篇文章的目标是希望改变社会上对于采矿研究中应用新技术和高科技使中国的煤炭产业有新的繁荣发展而提出的在国家的科学产业政策的指导之下的理论。原文：DEVELOPING OF TRANS-CENTURY MINING SUBJECTWITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW THEORYAbstract： Mining subject needs further development and towards which thedevelopment would being the problems concerned over all along

12、 and to be succeeded6 with the public good enough attention to discussions to reach an identify of viewsadmittedly. The emergence in succession of new-and-high techs in the mid-and latetwentieth century is perhaps the most fascinating and epoch-marking event that hasgiven to all the subjects certain

13、 but different degrees of impacts to become more closelyinterrelative and interdepartmental each other and feature specifically from that of thepast for their entirely new conceptions in the result of formulating many new theories ，new technologies and new subjects that mining subject is inevitably

14、andunexceptionally the one inclusive. The acuter gives in this paper his opinion regardingthe problem of the development of mining subject proving with many convincible factsand most informative new idea,Key words: mining subject; mineral industry; mineral economics; new-and-high tech.1 The Importan

15、ce of Mining Industry in the National EconomyToday, it has been paid unprecedented attention to the development of technologyworldwide. The advance of space engineering, information engineering，biologicalengineering and marine engineering，the discovery and the research and development ofthe new ener

16、gy and new materials increasingly change every aspect of human life bothat present and in the future. The words Science and Technology being the FirstProduction Force has fatherly and penetratingly pointed out the important role of newtechnology in the course of national economy construction.In the

17、competition of several big countries in the world striving for the exploration ofouter space，one should not forget the essential fact that there are more than five billionpeople living on the earth. To assure the survival of mankind on the earth，fouressential requirements should be considerably fulf

18、illed，namely，the nutrients，materials，7 fuels and the environment. The nutrients mainly are air，water，forests，grains andmiscellaneous plants，all of which are acquired from the nature. The materials refer toiron，ferrous metals，rare metals，precious metals，chemical raw materials and buildingmaterials. T

19、he fuels cover coal，petroleum，natural gas ,oil shale，uranium，thorium andother radioactive elements. These also occur in nature. The last one is the ecologicalenvironment depending on which mankind lives. In the above three essentialsubstances，the materials and fuels are through mining engineering ex

20、tract frombining industry is a conventional industry, however，with the advance of the newtechnologies and the introduction of them into mining industry which will be reduced ofitself final1y- a technology-intensive industry. The emergence of highly mechanizedand automated mines and robot-operated ma

21、nless working face marks the renewal andsubstitution of technologies of mining industry and proves the fact that mining industry.However，is conventional industry, but not sunset industry. As long as mankind liveon the earth，mining industry will last forever and never decline and fall ，instead，asmans

22、 living demands increases，the output of fuels and raw materials will be increasedby a big marg and mineral industry will still gain a much greater development.2 The Object of Study of the Mining Subject2. 1 The Tasks and the Special Features of 1liining SubjectHistorically and the Special Features o

23、f 1liining Subject the development of miningsubject has its own course of change and development both at home and abroad. Sincemining industry is closely related with geology, metallurgical and energy industryconsequently in the subject relationships，they are interrelative and interdepartmentaleach

24、other. As mining subject branch of science dealing with the extraction and8 utilization of minerals and the resources from inside the earth，on the sake of thecomplexity and multiplicity of the rock mass and mineral resources of great naturewhich makes the basic theories of mining subject being more

25、complicated than that ofany other engineering subject. Especially in the following aspects featured: the objectsof mining subjects are the ore bodies occurred in nature that they differ each other instructure，quality，and property.3 Five Urgent Requirements on the Tendency towards the Trans-centuryDe

26、velopment of Modern Mining Subjects3. 1 Renewing the Knowledge of Strata 11ZechanicsAbove all rock and or ore properties are the prerequisites of the subjects of the studyof mining engineering regardless of whether it is excavation ， comminuting orstrata ,stability strata mechanics is required to ma

27、ke the study along twoaspects:(1)From the micro-study to the macro-study(2) The study of the contradictionsbetween rock-breaking and rock stability in the course of mining and excavating.Therefore it is a very broad field of academic study Comparing with common solidmaterials，rocks are featured stru

28、cturally for their non-homo.3.2 Anew Knowledge of Mining EngineeringSystem-thehian-Nature-Rfachine Systern ，System engineering had found in recentyears very rapid development，and wide applications m mining engineering. Beenmodeled after the man- machines Generally, mining systems engineeriidne rgabc

29、loynsstudies had system model used in aerospace engineering and other departments of enBering. In recent years，Prof. Fettwice of the Montan University of Austria and the9 author of this paper both had put forth the opinion that the objects of miningengineerm8 Machine are ore bodies and rock strata,

30、the activities of mining engineeringare those played with by the man in getting the knowledge of the environmentunderground.3.3 Reforming the Conventional Mining Technologies and Industries with ModernNew technologiesThe major policy of China of reforming the conventional industries withnew-and-high

31、 techs of great importance and no doubt to its conventional industries. Theessential features of new-and-high techs are highly technology-intensive.Just as discussed in the beginning of this paper，speaking with respect to thereforming of mining engineering and coal industry with new-and-high techs，i

32、t isessential to introduce merely those ones which enable to make these two industriesswiftly commercialized. Since mine is concerned with the natural surround gas ofground，the new techs，however，as those used in aerospace engineering in the care forgoing up to sky when used for 0getting down into th

33、e earth in mining engineeringpractices evidently are needed to make completely different modalities. In 1080s，BerlinPoly ethnic university had applied optic fiber telecommunication technology- inunderground mining，giving rise to abundant interference problems of earth magnetism，electricity and light

34、 wave, and the insulation of strata to the conduction electronic waves.The BPM man had the problems s finally tailed，however，through a long time ofresearch work. Therefore，to have the minerals industries well prepared technically forthe 21st century，to paying great attention the following fields of

35、study are required3.3.4 Making the study of market-economy mineral economics theories10 For a long time that the mineral economics theory in China had been given distinctfeatures of planning economy ，while in the theory itself ，mineral resources were notrecognized as commodities and had no prices. C

36、onsequently，even though the mineralproducts had prices but were distorted ones making all national mining enterprisesnon-profitable and to exist depending on governmental policy-subsidization. Now thecountry, however，has changed into socialist market economy, most mineral enterprisesradically cannot

37、 accommodate themselves to this new situation，in particular，from thepoint of view of Enriching the peasants policy to put forward to the exploitation ofmineral resources，the near-term policy of the so-called “wherever there，fwloawteirtfast，which had made the mineral industry from the repeated view-p

38、oint of and theenriching the Pleasants policy, has caused the price deficit due to lowselling-price of minerals into even worse situation of disorder，no-restraint and anarchyof scrambling for extracting the mineral resources putting the mineral industries in atight spot unabling to feed themselves.

39、Under this circumstance，the importance ofundertaking the soft science research right now becomes more conspicuous to themineral industries than ever before. One can predict that had the theoretical study ofmineral economics theory been made ,portent break troughs，that it would radicallychange the fa

40、ce of our mineral industries.3.5 Relationship between Mineral Engineering and Natural EcologyMining engineering is the removal of rocks and minerals to the surface throughexcavations from underground deep in the earth or from the ground surface leaving theexcavated space so formed. Every turn meters

41、 Surface every year subsidence in China.of the commodity flow of mining products reaches billion cubic Obviously it has causedmany negative effects，for example:(1)uses of waste rock which results in the damages11 of farming lands and houses;(2) Large volrefuse and tailings occupy large area of land;

42、and (3) Coal and oil burning products give off waste materials ，such as exhaust gas ，waste liquids，and solids and pollute the environment. In China，80 percent of 1. 1billion tons of coal burned as fuel，from which，dust，sulpher and the of NO and CO22and the effective less heating effect seriously cons

43、titutes a menace to the ecologicalenvironment of China and the neighboring countries.4 Suggestions opment of to the Science and Technology Circles of thefor the Develop-the Mining SubjectNation4.1 An Unguent AppealNo doubt the flying up into the sky technology is the one most advanced，however，the ge

44、tting down into the earth technology in mining engineering is no less complex ，and even more difficult to pin down. It is no wonder that people consider that mineralengineering being much simpler and pay less attention for lack of the knowledge of theresulting in the low rate of mineral recovery and low rate of mineral extracting.Forthis country, but to spend a great many of valuable hard currency to import thoseactually need not to impor