这些标志以道路规则的形式受法律制约

1、 Unit 3Standard Police WeaponsCriminal Investigation Unit 3American Road Traffic Control System The commute time for the average commuter in the United States in 2000 was 26 minutes, up from 22 minutes in 1990. In larger cities, the situation is much worse and, in some cities, the average can be as

2、high as 39 minutes. It is not unheard of for a person to commute as long as 2.5 hours each way, each day. It is estimated that traffic jams are costing Americans $68 Billion a year in lost time and productivity. In a study of 75 major cities, rush hour is lasting an average of 7 hours each day, up f

3、rom 4.5 in 1982.Criminal Investigation Unit 3 But what can be done to remedy this escalating situation? There are countless causes of delays and accidents that could be done away with by removing the human factor. Consider tailgating, reckless driving, unsafe speeding, unsafe lane changes, rubber-ne

4、cking delays, drivers talking on cell phones, eating, or adjusting the stereo, and the countless other bad decisions made by drivers on the road every day. These delays and hazards are all results of human operators, rather than the infrastructure within which they operate. The purpose of this syste

5、m is to remove the human element in road traffic, and thus optimize traffic flow, reduce traffic violationsCriminal Investigation Unit 3and accidents to near zero, and improve fuel efficiency by centrally controlling the movement and routing of all the cars in the metropolitan area. The system consi

6、sts of three major divisions: a control center, “smart” vehicles and a network. It behaves in the following general manner. The central control center is responsible for routing vehicles, determining velocities and correcting for deviations from designated routes. The vehicle is responsible for foll

7、owing the routing and velocity commands issued by the control center, as well as updating the control center as to its position and velocity. In addition, the vehicle performs self-diagnosis and alerts the controlCriminal Investigation Unit 3center of relevant information concerning fuel and oil lev

8、els, tire pressure, engine temperature, personal stops, obstacles in the road, etc. The central controller uses this information for active re-routing. Each vehicle communicates with its neighbors to ensure proper following distance and to alert each other of emergency stops. It also receives locati

9、on information from active mile-markers on the road, which it then provides to the control center. All of this must be done within certain design constraints to be provided. The goal is an affordable, incident-free traffic network that operates at all times with optimal fuel and time efficiency. Uni

10、t 3 Road traffic control at its most elemental level is achieved through the use of a system of signs, signals, and markings, and they are subject to legal control via the rules of the road. Traffic Control and Safety Unit 3 The marking of roadway surfaces with painted lines and raised permanent mar

11、kers is common and effective. A solid line is a warning or instruction not to cross, and a broken line is for guidance. Thus, solid lines indicate dangerous conditions (such as restricted sight distance where overtaking would be dangerous), pavement edges, stop lines, and turning lanes at intersecti

12、ons; broken lines indicate interior lane lines and centre lines on two-way roads, where the sight distance is good. Lines are usually white, but yellow is used for centre lines in North America. Unit 3 Signs advise the driver of special regulations and provide information about dangers and navigatio

13、n. They are classified as regulatory signs, which provide notice of traffic laws and regulations (e.g., signs for speed limits and for stop, yield or give-way, and no entry); warning signs, which call attention to dangerous conditions (e.g., sharp curves, steep grades, low vertical clearances, and s

14、lippery surfaces); and guide signs, which give route information (e.g., numbers or designations, distances, directions, and points of interest). Unit 3 Legal rules governing the movement of traffic may be divided into three categories. First are those applying to the vehicle and the driver, such as

15、vehicle and driver registration, vehicle safety equipment, accident reporting, financial liability, and truck weights and loads (to protect pavements and bridges from damage). Second are the movement rules for drivers and pedestrians, known as the rules of the road; these dictate which side of the r

16、oad to use, maximum speeds, right-of-way, and turning requirements. Third are those regulations that apply to limited road sections, indicating speed limits, one-way operations, and turning controls. Unit 3 Rapid and continuous advances in communications and computer technology are bringing a host o

17、f new concepts in road traffic control. Automobiles equipped with on-board computers and communications devices will receive instructions about the optimal path to a destination from a traffic control centre. Space satellite, computers and sensors within the vehicle will monitor the operation of cri

18、tical safety systems (e.g., brakes, steering wheel), warning the driver when conditions exceed nominal values. Unit 3 Communications and computers also will aid the movement of trucks and other commercial vehicles in urban areas. Drivers on long-distance inter-city trips can be warned of coming bad

19、weather. They also can receive warnings if they are entering a curve too quickly or an intersection too fast. Road safety should be greatly enhanced by such systems. Maximum flows are expected to increase from 2,000 vehicles per hour per lane to as many as 10,000 to 20,000. The increased flows will

20、mean substantial reductions in congestion and, because vehicles are automatically controlled, road safety will improve enormously through the elimination of accidents due to driver error. Unit 3More这些标志以道路规则的形式受法律制约。 they are subject to legal .and they are subject to legal control via the rules of t

21、he road. Unit 3 be subject tobe subject to + N./G.: governed by or dependent on 属于的，受支配的e.g.All such gatherings are subject to the laws on political meeting.所有这些集会都受有关的政治集会法令的管束。More Unit 3 via prep. 1) by means of 通过，以的形式； 2) traveling or sent through (a place) on the way 取道，经由；经过e.g. I sent a mess

22、age to Mary via her sister. 我通过玛丽的妹妹给她带去一封信。 We flew to Athens via Paris. 我们乘飞机经巴黎去雅典。via Unit 3More使用油漆线和凸起的固定标志来标示路面行车界限十分常见，行之有效。with painted lines and with painted lines and raised permanent markers is common and effective. Unit 31) with painted lines and raised permanent markers” is an attribut

23、e of “roadway surfaces”.“with”介词短语 用作定语修饰“roadway surfaces”。2) painted lines 油漆线 3) raised permanent markers 凸起的固定标志 Unit 3a solid line 实线 a broken line 虚线 Unit 3More在受视线限制的地方超车很危险restricted sight distance restricted sight distance where overtaking Unit 31) “where” introduced an attributive clause m

24、odifying distance. “where” 引出限制性定语从句修饰“distance”。 2）overtake v. coming up to the same level as from behind, and usu. pass;（of something unpleasant) to reach suddenly and unexpectedly 赶上并超过;（不愉快的事情）突然降临于，意外侵袭 e.g. A gigantic truck overtook us. 一辆巨型卡车超过了我们。 She was overtaken by misfortune. 她突然遭到不幸。 Un

25、it 3adviseof：to inform 通知，告知advise() on: (not in progressive forms) to act as a professional advise 提供（专业性的）建议、咨询e.g. Please advise me of any change of address. 如地址有变，敬请通知。 She advises the President on foreign affairs. 她在外交事物方面向总统提供咨询。 adviseof Unit 3apply to: to have an effect; be directly related

26、适用；应用于；与有直接关系 c.f. apply for: to request something officially and in writing (正式以书面)提出请求，申请 apply oneself to: to work hard or with careful attention at 专心于，致力于 e.g. This rule cannot be applied to every case. 这项规则不是所有情况都适用。 We will apply to the council for a home improvement grant. 我们将向市政会申请改善住房的拨款。

27、She has a lot of talent, but she wont apply himself. 他很有才华，可就是不努力。 apply to Unit 3a host of : a large number of, many 许多，大量，一大群e.g. The machine comes with a whole host of useful accessories. 这台机器随同成套的有用配件供应。 a host of friends 许多朋友a host of Unit 3space satellites, computers and sensors within the veh

28、icle 汽车里配备的太空卫星设施、电脑和车内感应器 critical safety systems 关键的安全系统 brakes 刹车 steering wheel 方向盘 nominal values 额定值More Unit 3monitor v. to watch or listen to (sth.) carefully 监视，监听e.g. This instrument monitors the patients heartbeats. 这台仪器监听病人的心跳。汽车里配备的太空卫星设施、电脑和车内感应器monitor Unit 3inter: ( prefix) between,

29、among ( a group) （前缀）相互；在之间 inter-act 相互作用；相互影响；相互配合 inter-city 快速来往于城市之间的，市际间的 intercity trains 市际列车inter-city Unit 3warn of: to tell of something bad that may happen, or of how to prevent something bad 预先通知；警告 c.f. warn sb. off/away: 警告（某人）离开/不要靠近 e.g. The message warned of possible danger. 带来的口信警

30、告说可能会有危险。 The teacher warned the students of the test. 老师预先通知学生要考试。 The farmer warned us off his fields. 农民告诫我们不要进入他的地里。warn of Unit 3交通管理与交通安全 最基本的交通管理是通过使用一系列的标志、信号及标记系统来实现的，这些标志和信号以道路规则的形式受法律制约。 Unit 3 用油漆和凸起的固定标志来标示路面十分常见，并行之有效。实线警告人们不要穿越，虚线表示指引。因此，实线表明危险状况（诸如视线的距离有限，超车会有危险）、人行道的边缘、停车线以及交叉路口处的转弯

31、车道。虚线则表示车道内线和双行车道的中心线，且前方视域广阔。标线通常是白色的，而在北美洲，中心线通常用黄色。 Unit 3 标志告诉司机各种特殊交通规则，提供有关危险的信息，还起着导航的作用。标志分为法规标志，提醒人们注意交通法律与法规（如时速限制标志、停车标志、让车标志、不准进入标志）、警告标志，提醒人们注意危险情况（如急转弯、斜度、限高、路滑等）、以及指导标志，用来提供路线信息（如数字或名称、距离、方向、相关站点等）。 Unit 3 关于交通运行的法规可以分为三类。第一类是适用于车辆和司法的，如车辆和驾驶员注册，车辆的安全装置、事故报告、经济责任，以及货车的载重量等（为了保护路面和桥梁不受

32、损害）。第二类是运行规则，适用于司机和行人，也就是我们所说的道路交通规则。这些用来规定靠哪边行驶、最高时速、行驶权以及转向规定。第三类适用于受限制的路段，表示速度限制、单向运行以及转向控制。 Unit 3 通迅与电脑技术的飞速发展给交通管理带来许多新的观念。配备有车载电脑和通迅设施的汽车可以从交控中接收到通往目的地的最佳路线的指示。太空卫星、电脑和车内感应器将监控着关键安全系统的运行（如刹车、方向盘），在情况超出近似值时及时警告司机。 Unit 3 通迅和电脑也将有助于卡车和其它运输车辆在城市中的运行。在城市间跑长途的司机能受到即将来临的坏天气的警告；如果转弯太快，他们也会受到警告。道路安全也

33、会由于这些系统而大大提高。每一车道每小时的最大车流量将有望于从2000辆增加到1万甚至2万辆。增加的车流量将意味着交通拥挤状况有实质地减少，并且，因为车辆是通过自动化控制，由驾驶错误导致的交通事故会被根除，路面安全会得到巨大改善。 Unit 3传唤证 (Summons) 传唤证是公安机关通知被传唤人在指定时间到指定地点接受传唤的文书。传唤证是一纸二联填空式文书，由传唤证存根联和传唤证联组成。传唤证存根联的内容包括传唤证名称、编号、被传唤人姓名、住址、指定到达的时间、传唤理由、批准人、承办人及传 证填写时间。传唤证联的内容则由两部分组成：1. 传唤证的制作单位、传唤证名称、编号、日期，被传唤人居

34、住地址、姓名、指定时间、到哪接受讯问、法人代表签名。2. 被传唤人接到传唤证的时间、签名等。除了紧急情况使用口头传唤外， 一般的涉外治安传唤应使用传唤证进行传唤。 SUMMONS (COUNTERFOILS) No. 010024 Match 2001Name of the summonsed： John Hudson Address： Room 201, Foreign Building A, Guangzhou Foreign Languages InstituteTime Appointed to appear： 25 Match 2001Reason of summons： suspe

35、ct of theftApprover： He Long Undertaker： Ma Jinjin Unit 3THE ENTRY, EXIT AND ALIENS ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF GUANZHOU PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAUSUMMONS NO. 0100 24 Match 2001 Serve a summons on (Name) John Hudson ,(nationality) Indian , living in (address) Room 201, Foreign Building A, Guangzhou For

36、eign Languages Institute, to be interrogated on 25 Match 2001in Room 504, Office Building, Guangzhou Public Security Bureau. Division Chief: Luo Tong I received the No. 0100 Summons served by the Entry, Exit and Aliens Administration Department of Guangzhou Public Security Bureau at 10 oclock on 24

37、Match 2001. The summonsed: John Hudson Unit 3 Unit 3Sample Conversation OneA: Dont you know its against the traffic regulations to drive a car after drinking? B: Yes, I do. But I didnt drink. A: But the breath test showed you had. B: I just drank a little beer. A: Anyhow, you mustnt drink any alcoho

38、l including beer before driving. Handling Traffic Violation Cases Unit 3Sample Conversation TwoA: Didnt you see the speed limits posted along the road?B: I didnt notice the sign. A: The radar gun says that you were going 70 kilometers per hour, which is beyond our speed limit, 50 kilometers per hour.B: I had something urgent to do. A: You have violated our traffic regulations. Your license, please.B: Here you are.A: You have to be fined.B: How much?A: 50 yuan. And dont let me catch you again. Samp