财务管理外文翻译外文文献英文文献无形资产评估的标准及对策

1、EnzoBaglieriVittorioChiesaAlbertoGrandossucABSTRACTIntangibleassetsareincreasinglyconsideredtheultimaterootsofcompanyThispaperaimstoproposeamethodtoestimatethevalueembeddedinR&Dactivities,whichcouldbeusedfor:(i)aunatantumevaluationofafirmsvalue,relatedtospecificactionssuchasmergers,acquisition,etc.;

2、and(ii)aperiodicevaluation,withtheperspectiveoftheeconomicreporting,focusedtoestimatetheR&Dshareholdervaluecreation.TheproposedframeworkisbasedontheassumptionthatthereisastrongrelationshipbetweentheR&DcontributiontoshareholdervalueandtheoperationalperformaneeofR&Dactivities.Thepaperdescribessuchafra

3、meworkaswellasanempiricalapplication.KEYWORDS:intangibleassert;Evaluationofintangibleassets;R&DEvaluation.INTRODUCTIONIntangibleassetsevaluation,moreandmoreproblemscausedbytheattentionofindustryandeconomiccircles.Americansneverseriouslyintangibleassetstotheuniversalattentionintangibleasset,andthisis

4、certainlyabigimprovement.But,intheinvisibleAssetappraisal.Workintheoccurreneeofistemperedout-of-standardcausedconcerns.THEPERFORMANCEOFANOMIEA,out-of-standardintangibleassetsevaluationthantangibleassetsevaluation,oftenappearmorecomplexdisorderphenomenon.lntangibleassetsassessmentofout-of-standardman

5、ifestsitselfinmanyways,summarizedupmainlydisplaysinthefollowingfouraspects.Oneisthelegalanomie.Intangibleassetsassessmentiscertainlaws,regulations,undertheguidaneeofthe state,isbasedonthepolicynorms,whateverthenatureoftheenterprise,regardlessofwhatformofintangibleassetsevaluationcannotviolatenationa

6、llegalnorms.Butsomeappraisalinstitutionignorethestatelawsandregulations,mademanyviolatestatelawsandregulations,makesomethingintangibleassetsevaluationworktoappearanomiephenomenon.Someenterprisesinnopropertychanges,hireortheentrustedassetsevaluationitsgoodwill,somestillthroughthenewsmediareleaseditsv

7、alue.Thisisseverelyviolatedtherelevantstatestrictlyprohibitedwithoutpropertytransactionspurposetherulespublishedthegoodwillassessment.Enterpriseandadvertisingdepartmentreleasedtothepublicdoesnothavelegaleffectivenessofinformation,isunfaircompetition,violationoftheanti-unfaircompetitionlawandadvertis

8、ing,isobviousillegalbehavior.Someassessmentinstitutiondoesnotobeythecurrentnationallawsandregulations,notrealisticevaluationpurposetoevaluateconclusion.Somevaluationinstitutionontheintangibleassetofanenterprisewhenevaluatingnottaketherealisticmanner,evenbusinessrequirements,shouldbequicktoenterprise

9、sintangibleassetsevaluationforhundredsofmillions,billionsofeventensofbillions.lfthisphenomenonisRenJiZiRanupisboundtotheorderoftherealdangersvaluationindustry.Someappraisalinstitutionwithoutobtaininglegalappraisalqualifications,orhiredwithoutevaluatingqualificationforevaluationpersonnel.Illegalappra

10、isalinstitutionplusillegalevaluationpersonnel,itselflacksthenecessarylegalbasis,theappraisalconclusionmustbethatdoesnothavelegaleffectiveness.Twoisthefinancialanomie.Intangibleassetsevaluationwithbasicfinancialaccountingshallbeforbasicbasis,shouldestablishasetofcompletefinancialaccountingsystemandev

11、aluationsystem,nofinancialaccountingoftheintangibleassetsevaluationislackofaccountingbasis.Lackofaccountingisthebasisoftheevaluationisnotscienee,isnotbelegalnorms.Butsomeevaluationinstitutionstoenterpriseintangibleassetsevaluation,doesntfollowFinancialmanagementsbasicrequirementsforscientificfinanci

12、alaccounting,evensimplefinancialstatisticsarenotcarriedout,itisevaluateconclusion,thisisandnotseriouspractice.Evaluateconclusionisagainstfinancialstandard,ofcourse,isnotreliable.Threeisethicalanomie.Intangibleassetsevaluationcomparedwithtangibleassetsevaluationmorecomplexintheappraisalprocess,thesub

13、jectivefactors,agentproportionalsomuchgreater.Evaluateconclusioniscorrect,whetheraccordwiththeobjectivereality,toagreatextent,dependsontheideologicalandmoralqualitiesofpersonnelassessmentofthequalityandtheoccupationmoralsoflevel.Theappraisalindustryprofessionalethicalrequirementsappraisalinstitution

14、andevaluationpersonnelshall,inlinewithresponsibletosociety,isresponsibleforthecustomerattitude,makeeveryefforttomaketheassessmentworkdoserious,careful,maketheassessmentconclusionobjective,fair,andnottocatertoaneedorpursuecertainsensationeffect,maketheassessmentworkappearedarbitrary.Butsomeappraisali

15、nstitutionisnotduetothespecificworkpersonnelsservicelevelcausedtheproblem,butbecausetheconclusiondistortionsubjectivereasonsorotherfactorsandleadtofalsedataorfalseconclusion,thisisnotabusinesstechnologyissues,butatypicalethicalissues.Fouristhemethodanomie.Whethertangibleassetsevaluationorintangiblea

16、ssetsevaluationareapproximatelythreeways,namelycostway,marketapproachandearningsway.Thecostofintangibleassetswiththeincomeoftencreatecorrespondence,usingdifferentwaysmaller,suchasusingthecostwayandearningswereevaluated,conflictingapproachestheappraisalconclusionmaywidelydivergent.So,inpossiblecondit

17、ions,touseasfaraspossiblemanyassessmentapproach,thecostassessmentapproach,marketapproachandearningswaysorganically,andcomprehensiveevaluationapproachtheconclusionofthefinalevaluationresults.Intangibleassetsevaluationmethodsmainlyhaveresetcostmethod,earningspresentvalueapproach,thecurrentmarketmethod

18、,liquidationpriceandmathematicalmethod.Evaluatethechoiceofmethodsmustmeetthebasicrequirementsofevaluationobjects,mostlyhaverequirementofcomprehensiveevaluationmethod,usedtofindthecorrectconclusion.But,ifcertainappraisalinstitutionengagedin,usingasimplewayorevaluationmethodtoassessaconclusionthatasse

19、ssmentconclusionassessmentiscertainlyuntenable,becausetheirconclusionsmethodisagainsttheintangibleassetsassessmentbasicmethods.ANOMIEREASONS(a)intangibleassetsevaluationanomieobjectivefactor.Isduetothefuzzinessofintangibleassetsevaluationobjectsmaycausethedistortionoftheappraisalconclusionandanomie.

20、Intangibleassetsarenothaveobviousphysicalcarrier,issomeunseen,touched,intuitivepoorasset,havedependencecharacteristic;Intangibleassetsofownershipanduserightbelongsastangibleassetsandeffectiveness,alwaysclearvaguelyadhesivetogether,thiskindoffuzzinesscharacteristicstointangibleassetsevaluationmoredif

21、ficult.Istoevaluatetheinvestigationandanalysisofthecomplexitymaymakeappraisalinstitutionandevaluationpersonnel,producethewrongcognition,makewrongjudgment.Becauseoftheintangibleassetsevaluationobjectstoinvestigatethefuzzinessofsearchrange,evaluatevaluationmethodsofmanyfactors,assessmentofthecomplex,t

22、heassessment.AccountingtreatmentMorecomplex,assessmentoftheanalysisandcalculationofthemethodisalsoquitecomplex,needtoputaquantitativeanalysisandqualitativeanalysis,judgement,thecomplexityofcombiningthecharacteristicsofintangibleassetsassessmentthateasytoappearanomiephenomenon.Thehardworkistoevaluate

23、thesexualmaymaketheassessmentstaffduetothetime,energy,intelligeneeandphysicalfactorsandappearassessmentconclusionthedistortionandanomie.AIIseriousassessmentworkishard,nomatterhowassetsevaluationpurpose,butintimealldemandisurgent,hasthecharacteristicsofstagesandassault。Intangibleassetsevaluationsurve

24、yandanalysis,andduetothecomplextask,andassessmentassessmentoverweighthighqualityrequirements.Evaluationpersonnelconfrontisnottoofamiliarevaluationobjects,inashorttimetogetreliableevaluationconclusion,dontdohardphysicallabor,noabundantenergy,nosuperhumanwisdom,nomuscledbodyisimpossible.Istheappraisal

25、conclusionestimatecharacteristicofmaymakeevaluationpersonnelduetomaterialmasterisnotcomprehensive,evaluateexperieneenotrich,thinkingtheincorrectjudgmentandappeartheinflueneeofsuchfactorsasthedistortionoftheappraisalconclusionandlosing.lntangibleassetsassessmentconclusionisappraisedthepersonnelofinta

26、ngibleassets,accordingtothevaluationofinflueneefactorsonhold,makeathumbestimates.Intangibleassetsappraisalmethodmainlyisqualitative,isthejudgmentbyevaluationpersonnelforthefuture,thinkingofeconomicgainsthatpredicted,calculated.Sincethefutureisuncertaineconomicviabilityand,unliketangibleassetsasobjec

27、tive,intuitive,candirectlyaccounting,itsconflictingconclusionsalwaysestimatesex,thesubjectiveandcharacteristic.Weforintangibleassetsassessmentresultsmaynotrequiresabsolutelyaccurate,butevaluateconclusionshouldalsobeeight,ninenotdepartfromten.Practiceprovesthatthehigherthequalityevaluationpersonnelas

28、sessmentoftherichexperienee,judgment,themoreaccurate,thethinking,theappraisalconclusionisthehigheraccuracy.Instead,evaluationpersonnelsqualityislower,theevaluationofexperieneeless,thinkingjudgmentisnotcorrect,assessesconclusionistheloweraccuracy,appearslikelytoevaluateconclusionthedistortionandanomi

29、e.（2）intangibleassetsappraisalofanomiesubjectivereason.Norulesregulatingassessment.Sincethe1990s,thestatedepartmentconcernedtointangibleassetsevaluationissuehascausedenoughattention,hasissuedrelevantintangibleassetsaspectsofthedecreesandpolicies.In1993thestateformallyimplementingnewfinancialandaccou

30、ntingsystem,theconceptofintangibleassetsmadecleardefinitionofintangibleassetsevaluation,hasalsomadethecorrespondingregulations.1996Chineseassetsevaluationassociationissuedaopinionsassetappraisaloperationnorm,emphasizedthatintangibleassetsevaluationmusttakepropertychangesforthepremise,andwiththegaina

31、bilityofintangibleassetsforobjectsandtheintangibleassetscanproduceearningsasthefoundation.lntangibleassetscanbedividedintointellectualpropertyrights,therightscategory,relationshipofclassandothertypesoffourtypes.Eachkindoftypesincludingmanymanyspecificprojects.Suchasintellectualpropertyofintangibleas

32、setsandineludepatentright,proprietarytechnology,right,trademarkright,copyrightandcomputersoftwareprojects;Rightkindofintangibleassetsandincludingcontract.Evaluationresponsibilityunclear.Intangibleassetstoentrusttheappraisalconclusionforeconomicoperationoftheenterpriseandsocietywillhaveagreateffect,t

33、husappraisalinstitutionshallalsomustmakeforthemselvestheappraisalconclusiontoassumecertaineconomicresponsibility,legalresponsibilityandmoralresponsibilityandsocialresponsibility.However,Chinascurrentintangibleassetsevaluationpolicyandevaluationstandardofappraisalinstitutionassessmentactivitiesandeva

34、luateconclusioncausedbysocialinfluenceandshallbeliableforallkindsofresponsibilitytothelackofnecessaryregulation.Duringactualoperationalsoisso,nomatterhowintangibleassetsappraisalconclusionhowunusual,grossexaggeration,appraisalinstitutionandentrustassessmententerprisealsoneednotassumeanyresponsibilit

35、y.Thiswillgivesomeenterprisesinpolicy,someassessmentunitandsomepeopleleaveloophole.Dontassumeresponsibilityofpower,nomonitoringpowerinevitablyledtotheabuseofpower,powercorruption,thisisanimbalanceofpoweranddeviantironlaws.Intangibleassetsevaluationalsoimpossibletomoveoutofthisrule.Evaluationmethodso

36、wescience.lntangibleassetsappraisalconclusionoftheevaluationmethodwithcorrectorincorrectscientificornottightinter-related.Onlyassessmentmethodproper,scientific,accordwiththeobjectivereality,cancometothecorrectconclusion.Conversely,ifthemethodofevaluatingthemisconduct,donotaccordwiththeobjectivereali

37、ty,theobjectofassessmentcouldnothavecometothecorrectconclusion.Theselectionofevaluationmethodisascience,differentevaluationobjectsneedtoadoptdifferentevaluationmethod,isthesoleuseofanevaluationmethodofcomprehensiveevaluationmethodisadopted,itisalltheneedaccordingtotheevaluationobjectsobjectiverealit

38、yoftomakeadecision.lfthemethodsadoptednotscience,mayappearthedistortionoftheappraisalconclusionandlosing.Evaluationmechanismlackofsupervision.lntangibleassetsappraisalconclusionwhetherjustice,objective,seekingtruthfromfacts,youcantjustunilateraldecisionbyappraisalinstitution,musthavecertainauthorita

39、tiveinstitutiontoauditandrecognition,angibleassetsassessmentshouldhavecertainsupervisorymechanism.Nosupervisionmechanismoftheintangibleassetsappraisalconclusionisverypossibledistortionandanomie.Intangibleassetsassessmentofsupervisionmechanismistherequesthasvarioussupervision,suchasgovernmentsupervis

40、ion,technicaldepartmenttosupervise,thesupervisionoffinancialdepartmentsandsocialsupervision,etc.Ifappraisalinstitutionbythelackofnecessarysupervision,assessmentinstitutionassessmentconclusionunlaterally,assessmentconclusionmaybeinaccurate,firereallyandanomie.Evaluationpersonnelshortethics.Intangible

41、assetsevaluation,exceptinneedmoreseriously,carefullyobjectively,andusevariousevaluationmethodsforvariousfactors,analyzesandcomparesthemrepeatedlyinthesubjectiveevaluationpersonnel,theirethicismoreimportant.Becausetheuniquenessoftheintangibleassetsinassets,itselfwhenevaluatingitisdifficulttohavemorea

42、ppropriateframeofreference,unliketangibleassetsthatcanhavesimilarassetsforreferenee,anditisindirectandderivativesintheevaluationprocessmakesthesubjectivityoccupyaimportantposition.Appraisalinstitutionandevaluatetheethicalstandardsinstafftheimportanceofintangibleassetsevaluationthanintangibleassetsev

43、aluationappearimportant.Appraisalinstitutionandevaluationpersonnelisfromstrictprofessionalethics,accordingtothe|professionalrequirements,earnestcarefullyanalysisandassessment,trytobefairandimpartial,ortocatertocustomerneeds,accordingtothecustomerorbrightordarkdictatesorrelevantpressurestomakeanasses

44、sment,theresultisoftenverydifferentappraisalinstitutionandevaluationpersonneldonotspeakoccupationmorals,noseriousanalysisevaluation,hemightnotmakeittofairness,justice,itispossibletomaketheassessmentworkappeardistortionandanomie.IMPROVETHEASSESSMENTOFTHEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMPerfectevaluationorganization.I

45、ntangibleassetsevaluationfirsttoestablishastandardized,professional,authoritativeevaluationorganization.lntangibleassetsevaluationlaw,policyisstrong,theideologicalandpoliticalquality,strict,specificationhighbusinessinvolvewide,workloadbig,technologyassessment,economicaccountingisdifficultandcomplex,

46、mustbylegal,specialappraisalinstitutionhasappraisalqualificationforpersonnel,singlenotinlegalappraisalinstitutionworkpersonal,donothaveappraisalqualification.lntangibleassetappraisalinstitutionestablishedhavedefinitelaws,rulesandregulations.Shouldbelargerthantangibleassetsevaluationagenciesmorerigor

47、ousandmorespecific,morestandardizedexaminationandapprovalprocedures.ntangibleassetsevaluationpersonnelshouldundergostrictexamAssessment,participateinnationalunifiedorganizationoftheexamandassessmentmadeforprofessionalevaluationqualificationcertificate,aftercertainideologicalandpoliticalqualityexamin

48、ation,andbelegalappraisalinstitutionconfirmandemployment,toqualifyfortheintangibleassetappraisalwork.Theestablishmentappraisalregulationssystem.Intangibleassetsevaluationisasystematic,orderlinesswork,eachworkmustbesystematic,standardization,legalsystem.Therefore,mustformulaterelevantlawsandregulatio

49、nsandtolegalrequirementsspecificationappraisalinstitutioninstrictaccordancewiththenationallawsandregulationsforintangibleassetsevaluation.Morespecifically,themainshallestablishthelegalnorms:first,totheintangibleassetappraisalsystemclearlydefined.lntangibleassetsappraisalsystemincludingassessmentasse

50、tsevaluationsubject,object,theassessmentbasis,evaluationscope,assessmentprinciple,theassessmentprocess,evaluationpurposeandevaluationstandardelements.Therelevantdepartmentsofthestateshallmakeexplicitprovisionsoftheseproblems,andmaketheassessmentwork,rule-basedbarriers.Trainingassessmentprofessionals

51、.Intangibleassetsevaluationisaveryimportantandverycomplicatedwork,isaprofessionalstrongwork,needtohavealargeamountofpoliticalandideologicalqualityhigh,businessability,professionalfoundationthickandbroadscope,thepublicrelationabilityandcompeteneestrongappliedtalents.Therefore,vigorously|developalarge

52、numberofintangibleassetsevaluationofspecializedpersonnelisveryimportantthings.Toraiseassessmentpersonnelsideologicalandpoliticalquality,legalpolicylevel,professionallevel,professionalabilityandprforcethingsability.Propagandaassessmentprofessionalknowledge.Intangibleassetsevaluationisastudyofthewhole

53、societyinfluentialwork,andmuststrengthenrelevantknowledgeofintangibleassetsthepopularizationandpromotion.lntangibleassetsassessmentofrelevantknowledgecannotonlybeafewevaluationexpertshavemastered,wanttoenlargethepropagandadynamics,makewholesocietyespeciallyindustrialdepartmentleaderandstaffcanunders

54、tandandapplygoodintangibleassetsassessmentofrelevantknowledge,letsocietyandworldusetheirmasteryoftheintangibleassetappraisalknowledgeofintangibleassetssupervision,theevaluationworkofintangibleassetsassessmenttopreventfailings,distortionandanomie.Theestablishmentappraisalsupervisionmechanism.Toensure

55、thatevaluationisconductedandthereliabilityoftheappraisalconclusion,musthavecertainsupervisionmechanism.Onlytostrengthensupervisionoftheevaluationwork,caneffectivelyspurappraisalinstitutionandevaluationpersonnelearnestlyperformtheirdutiesaccordingtolaw,inaccordaneewiththeintangibleassetssassessment,c

56、anpreventappraisalconclusiontothedistortionandanomie.Forintangibleassetsevaluationofsupervisionovertheworkofthemainhavegovernmentsupervision,socialsupervision,legalsupervisionandtechnicalsupervision,etc.Makeevaluationorganoftheappraisalconclusionwhennecessarytoperformsomeoftheaudit.Whennecessary,esp

57、eciallyformajorprojectassessmenthadbetterchoosetwodifferentassessmentinstitutionsofevaluation,comparetheirback-to-back,concludedthattheappraisalconclusionofreliableconclusion.Systemevaluationethics.Intangibleassetsevaluationisnotonlyalegalissue,alsoisnotonlyaneconomicproblem,butalsoaethicalissues.So

58、inintangibleassetsevaluationwork,mustadheretoethicalprinciples,persistedwiththeethics|educationevaluationpersonnel,establishtheassetappraisalindustryethics.Tomaketheindustryinthecrewrealized,carriesontheintangibleassetsevaluation,notonlytoentrustenterpriseisresponsible,andshouldberesponsiblefortheso

59、ciety.Economicactivityanyfalsethingswillultimatelyexpose,intangibleassetsevaluationalsoso,ifweloseitsseriousness,willeventuallymakepeopleofintangibleassetsvalueitself,willalsoskepticalofassetappraisalindustryitselfadversely.REFERENCESBaglieriE.,R&DPerformaneemeasurement:arefereneemodel,7thInternatio

60、nalForumonTechnologyManagement,Kyoto1997,ProceedingsBaglieriE.,LinkingshareholdervaluetoR&Dperformanee,IAMOTConference,Miami2000,ProceedingsBaruch,L.Saugiannis,T.TheCapitalization,AmortizationandValue-relevanceofR&D,inJournalofAcccounting&Economics,febbraio1996Beale,N.IntellectualAssets,Professional