农业土地用途的模式

1、B.2. (1) A Model of Agricultural land use 農業土地用途的模式Von Thunens Model 范杜能模式1Von Thunens Model 范杜能模式The first theory 首個理論Location of various of agricultural activities 不同農業活動的位置In Germany, early 19th century 19世紀初的德國2Observed觀察various types of farming occurred in concentric rings around settlement不同的農

2、業類別以同心環形態環繞聚落Aims目的: how an why agricultural land use varies with the distance from a market怎樣及為甚麼 隨與市場距離，農業土地用途改變？3Two Basic Theories2個基本理論Intensity of production 生產密度Variations of crop types不同農作物的類別41. Intensity of production 生產密度Intensity of production of a particular crop will decline with incre

3、asing distance from a market 農作物的生產密度會隨與市場距離增加而下降(Intensity密度: amount of inputs per unit area of land投入在每單位土地面積的數量 )生產密度與市場距離52. Variations of crop types不同農作物的類別Types of land use will vary with distance from market 土地用途會隨市場的距離而改變6Assumptions假設 1. isolated state孤立的國家 (subsistence自給自足, no external dis

4、turbance不受外界干擾)2. sole market 只得一個市場3. isotropic plain 均質平原(same physical conditions環境條件一樣)4. economic man 經濟人(maximize profit with full knowledge of market賺取最大利潤，並擁有所有市場資料)75. only one form of transport只有一種交通工具6. cost of transport is directly proportional to distance運輸費會按比例隨距離增加而遞增8Principle原則: REN

5、T is the determining factor租值就是決定因素 (economic rent經濟租值/ locational rent區位租值)Rent租值/ Net Return淨回報: : revenue利潤- cost成本Revenue 利潤(price市值 x amount產量) / Total cost 總成本(production生產 + transportation運輸)When當:RC (surplus盈利)- production continues繼續生產R=C limit/ margin of production 生產邊線R 額外的收益1516Conclusio

6、n 總結being much closer to market, farming should be better to be intensive越接近市場, 農業採用集約模式較佳being further away from the market, farming should be better to be extensive越遠離市場, 農業採用粗放模式較佳The intensity of production of a particular crop will decline with distance from the market.農作物生產密度會隨市場距離而遞減17Model 2

7、 Types of crops vary農作物類別的變化Types of crops vary with distance from the market農作物的類別會隨市場距離而變化determined by Rent 由租值決定(market price市場價格, yield per hectare每公頃地的產量, transport costs運輸成本, production costs生產成本, )transport costs運費: vary with weight, bulk, perish ability of crops隨產品的重量，體積和易腐壞性而改變crop with th

8、e highest locational rent, then grow擁有最高區位租值的農作物，會被種植18Example 1: A and BA - more costly to transport運費較昂貴/ steeper slope of rent租值坡度較斜- higher market price市場價值較高- closer to market較近市場19Example 2 : C and DC :higher yield收成量較高 / lower market市場價格較低: higher yield, higher transport costs收成量較高，運費較高: high

9、er yield, higher rent收成量較高，租值較高: closer to market較近市場20Consequently : a concentric zonation of land use pattern occurs around a market圍繞市場，出現同心環形態的農業用地帶: with intensity of production increases towards market越近市場，投入密度越高21Von Thunen Classic model22Von Thunen Classic modelZone 1 : Production of fresh m

10、ilk and vegetable生產鮮奶和蔬菜 (market gardening園藝農業)- perishable易腐壞, great demand需求大, high price市價高- intensive集約式, no fallow無休耕, high inputs投入高23Zone 2 : Production of wood (Forestry)生產木材（林地）- bulky笨重- main fuel主要燃料- great demand需求大24Zone 3 : Crop Alternation System精耕式輪作- intensive集約式, no fallow無休耕- 6-ye

11、ar crop rotation 6年輪作不同農作物Zone 4 : Improved system , fallow and pasture改善了的系統，有休耕和牧地- seven-year rotation crop7年輪作- fallow休耕- crops輪作 / pasture牧地 / fallow休耕25Zone 5 : 3-field system 三圃農業帶- 1/3 : field crops黑麥, 1/3 : pasture牧地, 1/3 : fallow休耕- rotation system輪作系統Zone 6 : Extensive livestock farming粗放

12、式放牧6526Modification of Von Thunens model修改1. Addition of a navigable river航運河流cheaper transportation較便宜的運輸production zone become elongated生產帶伸延及拉長parallel to the river沿河發展272. Addition of a small city另一小鎮competing centre競爭市場simple concentric zone簡單同心環帶complex複雜28Causes of variation in locational ren

13、t區位租值改變的因素changes in market price市場價格changes in production cost生產成本changes in transport cost運輸成本- If market price市場價格: $160- Production cost生產成本: $40/ tonne- Transport cost運輸成本: $2/ km/ tonneEx. 1, Ex. 2, Ex. 329Ex .1 (ans)3031Ex. 2Refer to參閱Ex. 1, draw new diagrams to show the changes in rent and m

14、argin of production繪畫新的圖表顯示租值和生產邊線的改變(2.1) If market price市場價格increases by $40 (2.2) If production cost生產成本increases by $40(2.3) If transport cost運輸成本decreases by $0.5 / km/tonne 32Ex.2.1 (ans)(2.1) If market price市場價格increases by $40利潤上升生產邊線擴張33Ex.2.2 (ans)If production cost生產成本increases by $40利潤下降

15、生產邊線收縮34Ex.2.3 (ans)If transport cost運輸成本decreases by $0.5 / km/tonne生產邊線擴張利潤上升35Conclusion 總結Change in market price/ production cost市場價格和生產成本改變curve of rent租值曲線:parallel shift平行移動gradient keeps constant梯度不變36Change in transport cost運輸成本改變curve of rent / net profit租值/純利曲線:change in gradient梯度改變trans

16、port cost, gradient/ gentler較平緩transport cost, gradient/ steeper較斜37Change in rent change in production area生產面積改變 expands擴張 / contracts收縮Ex.3 If there is an addition of competing market當出現另一個市場38Ex.3繪畫圖表顯示以下農業的空間分佈Milk鮮奶: market price市場價格: $160: transport cost 運費: $40/10km/tonneWheat小麥: market pric

17、e市場價格: $120: transport cost運費: $20/10km/tonneWool羊毛: market price市場價格: $80: transport cost運費: $10/10km/tonne39Ex.3(ans)圖表顯示農業的空間分佈40Ex.3 If there is another competing market 100 km away 當100公里外出現另一個市場繪畫新的圖表顯示農業空間分佈的改變41answer42Applicability可行性Economic rent mechanism 經濟租值機制land use with highest econo

18、mic rent occupies the space closer to the city centre擁有最高經濟租值的土地用途能佔鄰近市中心的土地43香港的農業土地利用分佈44市中心園藝農業園藝農業45casein HK, market gardening is located nearby the city centre, because of its high market value and high perish ability在香港，由於鮮花蔬菜市場價值高及容易腐壞，故園藝農業鄰近市中心the theoretical pattern exists in the reality大

19、致理論的模式會在現實中出現462. Land use pattern of farming農業用地用途模式the theoretical farming pattern such as urban farming, forestry, feed-grain cultivation and livestock farming can be found in the real world理論中的農業模式，例如城市農業，林木區，穀物，畜牧都能於現實世界中找到Belgium acts as centre in Europe比利時為歐洲的中心4748the market-gardening area i

20、s found in Holland 園藝農業區出現於荷蘭the livestock farming is found in the southern part of France and Portugal畜牧業出現於法國南部及葡萄牙the intensity of farming and crop types change at a similar theoretical pattern outward 農業密度及農作物類別的改變，大致與理論接近The highest farming intensity is found at the centre. Away from the centre

21、, intensity declines.最高的農業投入密度在中心區出現。遠離中心區, 密度遞減。49Inapplicability 不可行circular zonal pattern 圓形區域模式in the real world, the spatial variation of physical environment distorts the ideal circular land use pattern 現實中不一致的空間環境會扭曲理想的環狀土地模式50For exampleThe presence of Eastern Highland and Tasman Sea in SE A

22、ustralia after land use pattern into linear pattern 在澳洲東部，東部高地及塔斯曼海改變土地模式（成為帶狀）Some physical conditions are favorable for particular farming. For example, paddy grows in the flood plains or alluvial plain like SE China有些自然條件有利某種農業。例如水稻適合在氾濫平原生長。炎熱而潮濕的華南地區每年生產兩造稻米51Development of transportation運輸發展 M

23、arket gardening can be developed further away from the centre園藝農業能在遠離市中心的地區發展For example, London may now be served from Devon by milk trains with refrigerated containers使特文（一個較遠離市中心的地方）能為倫敦供應鮮奶，因為運載鮮奶的火車設有冷藏設備522. Perfect information and economic man 掌握完全資料的經濟人this assumption is invalid 不適行的The expe

24、rience, customs and belief affect the decisionmaking of the farmers. Paddy cultivation in SE Asia where rice is the main diet is an example經驗，習慣和信念會影響農夫的決定。在東南亞，米是主要糧食，該地的稻米農業便是一例533. Zone of foresting 林木區(nearby market鄰近市場)Wood: was the main fuel 以前是主要燃料replaced by fossil fuels 礦物燃料So, nowadays the

25、 foresting area has disappeared 現時，鄰近市場的林木區已消失544. Intensity of production 生產密度Phenomenon: the intensity of production decreases outward(may not exit)現象：生產密度向外遞減(不出現)Because of urban expansion, speculative purpose farmers may not invest any more in the land nearby the centre (abandoned land). 因為城市擴張

26、, 農夫等待收地, 農民不會再投資任何投入在鄰近市中心的土地(棄耕地)So, the ideal Von Thunens pattern may be disturbed.因此，范杜能理想的模式會被干擾55香港的農業土地利用分佈棄耕地565. Government intervention政府干涉land use zoning policy, anti-pollution and trading policies (eg, free trade, tariff and subsidies) might affect the land use pattern. 土地用途劃分，反污染政策及貿易政策

27、（自由貿易，關稅及資助），都會影響土地用途模式57Case study個案1. Australia 澳洲2. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia阿的斯阿貝巴，埃塞俄比亞58Case study個案: Australia 澳洲5960Case study個案: Australia 澳洲Australia 澳洲Market市場: Sydney悉尼Innermost接近市場: milk zone farming 鮮奶農業Intermediate中間: mixed farming (wheat-sheep farming)混合式農業（小麥綿羊農業）Outer外圍: extensive shee

28、p grazing(wool production)粗放式牧羊（羊毛生產）61Conclusion 總結The highest farming intensity is found at the centre. Away from the centre, intensity declines.最高的農業投入密度在中心區出現。遠離中心區, 密度遞減The general pattern of Von Thunens Model is likely applied in New South Wales, Australia范杜能模式的土地用途模式，大致可以運用在澳洲的新南威爾斯省62鮮奶業接近市場

29、牛油生產業接近原料6364However,65However,1. The presence of Eastern Highland and the Tasman Sea in SE Australia alter the land use pattern into linear and scattered在澳洲東南部，東部高原及塔斯曼海將土地用途模式改變成帶狀及分散形態662. Improved transport system and government controls extend the area supplying whole milk to Sydney along railw

30、ay networks and into irrigation areas of interior.改善了的運輸系統, 加上政府控制，將供應悉尼的鮮奶區沿鐵路伸延至內陸灌溉區673. There are several large cities along east coast of Australia. Multiple nucleated pattern is formed.沿澳洲東岸有數個大城市（多核心模式形成）4. Australia is not isolated state affected by quota, tariff and imports from the Europe.

31、澳洲並非孤立國家，受歐洲的配額，關稅及入口影響685. Broken Hill (interior region) is an mining town where Dairy farming is found.布羅肯希頓（內陸地區）是個採礦的城鎮，該鎮亦有乳品農業6. Forestry is not for fuel but for recreation and reservation林木區並非用作燃料，而是用作康樂及保育用途69Addis Ababa, Ethiopia阿的斯阿貝巴，埃塞俄比亞70Addis Ababa, Ethiopia阿的斯阿貝巴，埃塞俄比亞not isotropic不是均質different physical environment 不同自然環境different groups of people with specific customs有不同習俗的民族71Similar相似Land use pattern 土地用途模式Similar相似Forests were