The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结

1、TheRenaissanceThisisagreatestandmostadvancedrevolutioninthehumanhistory.Thisistheagethegiantsareneededandproduced.F.EnglesBriefintroductionRenaissanceinEuropeanhistory,referstotheperiodbetween14thcenturyto17thcentury.ItstartedinItalyandendedinEnglandandSpain.“Renaissance”means“revival”,therevivalofi

2、nterestinAncientGreekandRomancultureandgettingridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducingnewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.RenaissancesprangfirstinItaly（FlorenceandVenice）withthefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture,andgraduallyspreadalloverEurope;Renaissanceoriginal

3、lyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscience（ancientGreekandRomanculture）afterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.DuringtheperiodofRenaissance:theRomanCatholicChurchwasshaken,oldsciencesrevivedandnewsciencesemerged,nationallanguagesandculturestookshape,artandliteratureflourishedBriefintroductionTherea

4、roseaninterestinthemanuscriptssurvivingfromancientGreeceandRome.Classicallearningandphilosophywereenthusiasticallystudied.TheintellectualwisdomofancientGreeceandRomeencouragedarebirthofhumanspirit，arealizationofhumanpotentialfordevelopmentandcreationNeverbeforeinhumanhistoryweremenandwomensoeagertoc

5、reateanddiscoversomethingnewInItalyagroupofartists，scientists，politicians，andwriterscreatedthemostbrilliantpageofcultureandscienceinRenaissanceEuropeExamples:Copernicus（哥白尼）assertedthattheearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniverse；ThepassionatePetrarchproducedsonnetsthatinfluencedShakespeareandmanyothers；Boc

6、caccio（卜伽邱）wrotetalesofeternalcharm:TheDecameron；MarcoPolo（马可波罗）madejourneysintotheremotekingdomofChina；Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），LeonardodaVinci（达芬奇），Raphael（拉斐尔），andTitian（提香）createdpaintingsandsculpturesthatareinvaluabletreasuresoftheworldEssenceandfeaturesEssence:Itisthereflectionoftheriseofbourgeoisi

7、einthesphereofculturallife.（另版本）：Renaissance,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptsto:togetridofconservatisminFeudalistEurope;tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthor

8、ities.Brieflyitisthereflectionoftheriseofbourgeoisieinthesphereofculturallife.Features:therearetwostrikingfeaturesAthirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.RenaissanceandHumanismRenaissance:thetermoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscienceafterth

9、edarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Indeed,agreatnumberoftheworksofclassicalauthorsweretranslatedintoEnglishduringthe16thcentury.Humanism：Theprogressivethinkersofthehumanistsheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiasticalknowledge,butinman,hisenvironmentanddoingsandbravelyfoughtfortheemancipationofmanfromthet

10、yrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.Itreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass;HumanismHumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreareverencefortheGreekandRomancivilizationbasedontheconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Contrar

11、ytothesubordinationofindividualstothefeudalrulesandthesacrificeofearthlylifeforafuturelifeinthemedievalsociety,Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentforperfection.Byemphasizingthedignityofhu

12、manbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoylife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders,FeaturesofhumanisminRenaissanceEmphasizingthepower,valueanddignityofthehumanbeingandholdingthathumanbeingsaregloriouscreaturesThecoreofRenaissa

13、ncethoughtisthegreatnessofman/giants.ThisisbestsummarizedinthelinesofShakespearesHamletWhatapieceofworkisman;hownobleinreason;howinfiniteinfaculty,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable;inactionhowlikeandangel;inapprehensionhowlikeagod!Thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大

14、的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！1.Emphasizingsecularhappinessandindividualismagainstthemedievalideasofasceticism;2.shiftingmansinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,frombeautyandgreatnessofGodtothebeautyofhumanbodyinallitsjoysandpains.3.ApplyingAristotle

15、stheory,Humanistliteraturemainlyuserealisticstyleandtakeliteratureasthemirrororminiatureofthesociety.InfluenceandEnglishRenaissanceInfluences:TheseItalians,andmanyothers,helpedtomakeItalythecenteroftheRenaissancemovementinEurope.ThemovementchangedthemedievalWesternEuropeintoamodernoneTheintellectual

16、wisdomofancientGreeceandRomeencouragedarebirthofhumanspirit，arealizationofhumanpotentialfordevelopmentandcreationEnglishRenaissance:OxfordReformers:theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.ThiswasEnglandsGolde

17、nAgeinliterature.ThereappearedmanyEnglishliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Johnson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.EnglishRenaissanceContentsI.TheSixteenthCenturyEnglandIIIThemainartisticstylesV.FrancisBaconII.RenaissanceinEnglandTV.WilliamShakespeareI.TheSixteenthCenturyEnglandEnclosureMovement4

18、.InternationalsituationTheestablishmentofabsolutemonarchy5.CulturalpreparatiReligiousreformationThebackgroundofthehumanisminEuropeTheintroductionofprintingledtoanenlargedreadingpublicandacommercialmarketforliterature;Thegreateconomicandpoliticalchangesledtotheriseofdemocracy;Thespiritofnationalism;T

19、hegrowingofnewscience”etc.CharacteristicsoftheElizabethanAgeAnageofcomparativereligioustolerance;Anageofcomparativesocialcontentment;Anageofdreams,ofadventures,ofunboundedenthusiasm;Anageofintellectualliberty,ofgrowingintelligenceandcomfortamongallclassesandofunboundedpatriotism.II.RenaissanceinEngl

20、andThetime:mainlyfromthereignofHenryVIII,Edward,MaryandthentoQueenElizabethandJacobeanEraBeginning:thelastyearsofthe15-thcenturyfirsthalfofthe16-thcenturyFlourishing:theElizabethanAge(1558-1603)Declining:theperiodofJamesI(1603-1625)early17-thcenturyThefloweringofEnglishliteratureThesecondhalfofthe16

21、thcentury,“anestofsingingbirds”Theearlyperiod:imitationandassimilation,translatedworks,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryforms.Sonnet:anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymed.Blankverse:iambicpentameterunrhymedThelatterperiod:DramatherealmainstreamoftheEnglishR

22、enaissance&“universitywits:Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,LodgeandNashwhoenteredthedramaticcirclebetweentheyears1587-93.theywereallofhumblebirthandstruggledforalivelihoodbywriting.Throughhardwork,theyrevisedoldplaysandwrotenewones.Theymaderapidprogressindramatictechniquesbecausetheyhasclosecontactwiththe

23、actorsandaudiences.Theywerelookeddownuponbythegentlemenandsuspectedbythegovernment.ItwastheirindustriousworksthatfurnishedtheElizabethanstage.&ChristopherMarlowe&WilliamShakespeareIII.ThemainartisticstylesTheartisticstylesaslyricpoetry,narrativepoetry,dramaarematurized;newstyleswhichcharacterizedthe

24、modernliteraturesuchassonnets,shortstoriesandnovelswereproduced.translation:OvidsMetamorphoses,HomersIliad,MontaignesEssaystravelbooks:MoresUtopiapoetry:EdmundSpenserdrama:“UniversityWits”,Marlowe,Shakespeareessay:FrancisBaconThomasMoreandhisUtopidForerunnerofutopiansocialismAnimaginativetravelnarra

25、tivewrittenintheformofconversationbetweenMoreandHythloday,areturnedvoyagerdescribinganidealstategovernedbyreason.Thesubjectisthesearchforthebestpossibleformofgovernment:Utopiaacommunityofpropertyapure,pre-Marxformofcommunism.Poetry:EdmundSpenserandhisworkdTheShepherdsCalendar牧人日历:12pastoralpoemsande

26、clogues,oneforeachmonth,putintothemouthsofspeakersdistinguishingthemselvesasshepherds,reallyrepresentingSpenserandhisfriends.Amoretti爱情小诗：aseriesof88sonnetsinhonorofhisloverElizabeth.AllexceptonewaswrittenintheSpenseriansonnet.Epithlamion婚后曲:marriagehymnstocelebratehismarriagewithElizabeth.TheFaerie

27、Queene仙后：Theblendingofreligiousandhistoricalallegorywithchivalricromance:alongpoemplanned12books.12knightsforthequalitiesofthechivalricvirtuesthesixcompletedbooksareholiness,temperance,chastity,friendship,justiceandcourtesy.FairyQueenQueenElizabeth,theknightsasawholeEngland,theevilfiguresenemies.The

28、mesofthepoem:nationalism(celebrationofQueenElizabeth)humanism(strongoppositiontoRomanCatholicism),Puritanism(moralteaching)Spenserianstanza:itisanine-linestanzawiththefirst8linesiambicpentameterandtheninth,iambichexameter六步格的诗rhymingabab,bcbc,cwhichisthetypicalverseinTheFaerieQueene.Foritsrarebeauty

29、,thisverseformwasmuchusedbymanylaterpoets,esp.imitatedbytheromanticpoetsofthe19thcentury.SpenserspositioninEnglishLit:eraturethepublicationof“TheShepherdsCalendarmarksthebuddingofRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland.ThelanguageheusedwasmodernEnglishwhichhasdistinguisheditselffromtheMiddleEn

30、glishofChaucersday.Spenserianstanza:amodelofpoeticartamongtheRenaissanceEnglishpoets.“thepoetspoet”,thefirstmastertomaketheModernEnglishthenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusionandheldhispositionasamodelofpoeticart.HisinfluencecanbetracedintheworksofMilton,ShelleyandKeats.ChristopherMarloweLife:shortbutrio

31、tousMajorworks:TamburlainetheGreat:帖木耳AdramainablankverseAbouttheriseandfallofTamburlainetheMongolconqueroronthe14thcenturycentralAsia.Atragedyaboutamanwhothinkshecanbutactuallycannotcontrolhisownfate.Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambitionandsheerbrutalforce,theauthorvoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoft

32、heRenaissanceforinfinitepowerandauthority.ATheJewofMalta:马耳他的犹太人Astudyofthelustforwealth,whichcentersaroundBarabastheJew,anoldmoneylender,whoseonlyphilosophyistheartofgainingadvantage.SuggestiveofShylockinShakespearesTheMerchantofVenice.Atragicresult:typicallygreedyofrichesandgold,whichisanotherfeat

33、uresharedbythoseinRenaissanceEngland.ATheHistoryofDoctorFaustus浮士德博士RefertocomparewithGoethesFaustTheFaustmythin16thcenturyGermany:themythofmenseekinggreatearthlypowerfromdemonsatthecostoftheirimmortalsoul.Theconventionalview:Dr,Faustusisamoralityplaythatvindicateshumility,faithandobediencetothelawo

34、fGod.Thenewview:Dr.Faustuscelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness,andalsorevealsmansfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorder.Socialsignificanceandliteraryachievement1.showingthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie.Itseagercuriosityforknowledge,powerandgold.Thepraiseofindiv

35、idualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandtheconvictionoftheboundlesspossibilityofhumaneffortsinconqueringtheuniverse.Theheroesaremainlyindividualists.Theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandtothemselves.Shakespeare.souloftheAge!，Theapplause!Delight!Thewonderofourstage!Triumph

36、,myBritain,thouhastonetoshowWilliamShakespeare1.BriefIntroduction2.Shakespearesdrama3Fourperiodsofhisliterarycareer3CategoriesofhisdramaTowhomallscenesofEuropehomageowe.Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime!3.theartisticfeaturesofhisplays4.Shakespearesplaceandcontribution5.ShakespearessonnetsWhattobeatleast

37、knownaboutShakespeareLife:birthplace,birthdate,deathdate,importanttimeinhislifeandcareerHismajorworks:37plays(10histories,10comedies,10tragedies),2longnarrativepoems,154sonnets.Playstoberead:greatcomedies&4greattragediesWritingfeaturesineachoffourperiodsBriefIntroductionAdramatist“notofanage,butofal

38、ltime”byBenJonhson,notofEngland,butoftheworld.NotonlyamasterofEnglishlanguagebutalsoageniusofcharacterportrayalandplotconstructionA“poetofreality”forhisideathatliteratureshouldreflectnatureandreality.37plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems.Shakespearesdrama出FourPeriodsofShakespearesLiterarycareerFourmajorph

39、rasesrepresentrespectivelyhisearly,mature,flourishingandlateperiods.Periodofearlyexperimentandapprenticeship(1590-1594)Background:A.itwasinthemiddleofthehighlythrivingElizabethanAge.B.Thethoughtsofhumanismandtheideasofmansemancipation,freedomoflovewasrapidlyspread.C.Shakespearewasayoungmanfullofasto

40、nishingversatilityandwonderfultalentandthegreatinterestinthepoliticalquestionsofhistime.Features:A.thewritermadeexperimentsinanumberofdramaticforms:thehistoricalplays,comedy,therevengetragedyandtheromantictragedy.B.thisperiodisdistinctivelymarkedbyyouthfulnessandexuberanceofimagination,byextravaganc

41、eofwittylanguageorspeech,andbythefinalandfrequentuseofblankverse.Inhishand,blankversedevelopedintoahappyvehicletoexpressallkindsofthoughtsandemotions(thusshakingofftherigidityofrimedandmechaniclines).Periodofmaturity(1595-1600)Features:A.aperiodof“greatcomedies”andmaturehistoricalplaysandsonnets.B.a

42、sweetandjoyfultimewhenthewriterportrayssuccessfullyamagnificentpanoramaofthemanifoldpursuitofpeopleinreallife.C.agreatshiftincharacterization.Anotablegalleryofheroinesinthecomediesandvividcharactersinhistoricalplaysispresented:Portia,Posalynd,Voila,Beatrice,SirJohnFalstaff.Periodofgloomanddepression

43、(1601-1607)Background:A.theaggravationofthesocialsituation:therisingofpeasants,thecorruption,thetensionbetweenbourgeoisieandthefeudallands.B.thechangeofmoodintheplaywright:gloomyandindignantFeatures:A.aperiodof“greattragedies”and“darkcomedies”B.thewritergaveascathingexpositionofthesomberpicturesands

44、cenesofmurder,lust,treachery,ingratitudeandcrime.C.ahigherlevelofcraftsisreached:moreintricateplotting,intenseinnerconflict,meticulousdepictionofhumanmind.Periodofcalmandreconciliation(1608-1612)Background:A.thefallandcollapseofabsolutemonarchB.theretirementoftheplaywrightbackintothetranquilcountrys

45、ideFeatures:A.someserenityandoptimism,insteadofthebeginninglightnessandthemiddlesomberviolencereigned.B.romanticdramasandcomedieswerethemainform.C.moralteachingandsupernaturalforceswerereliedontorestoretherightfulhonorandposition.Theseplaysallshowafallingofffromhispreviousworks.CategoriesofhisdramaA

46、ccordingtodramatictype,hisplaysaredividedintotheseclasses:comedieshistoriestragediesromances?ComediesComedyisalightformofdramaaimingprimarilytoamuseandendinghappily.Itoftendealswithpeopleintheirhumanstate,restrainedandridiculousbytheirlimitations,faults,bodilyfunctions.FourGreatComdiesTheMerchantofV

47、eniceAMidsummerNightsDreamAsyouLikeitTwelfthNightComediesoftheFirstPeriodThekeynoteofhiscomedies:toportraypeoplejustfreedfromthefeudalfetters,singofyouth,loveandideasofhappiness.Theheroesandheroinesfightagainstdestinyandmouldtheirfateaccordingtotheirownfreewill.ThusbecomethesonsanddaughtersofRenaiss

48、ance.Thevictoryofhumanistidealisinevitable.Thegeneralspiritoftheseplaysisoptimistic.TheMerchantofVeniceThedoubleplot:oneisabouttheBassanioswinningofabridebyundergoingatest;theotherisaboutthedemandingofapoundofhumanfleshbyShylock.ThetraditionalthemeistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toi

49、dealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyaltyandtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.ThenewoneistoregardtheplayasasatireoftheChristianhypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffriendshipandlove,theircunningwaysofpursuingworldlinessandunreasoningprejudiceagainstJews.Portia:arichheiressofBelmont

50、inShakespearescomedyTheMerchantofVenice.1.PortiaisawomanofRenaissancebeautiful,prudent,cultured,courteousandcapableofrisingtoanemergency.SheisoneofShakespearsidealwomen.2.theyoungheroesinShakespearescomediesarealwaysindependentincharacterandtaketheirownpathoflife.WefindanexpressionofShakespearesungr

51、udging,unreservedequalitarianattitudetowardwomen.HistoriesHistoryplaysaimtopresentsomehistoricalageorcharacter,andmaybeeitheracomedyoratragedy.Hishistoriesincludetwotetralogies(四部曲)andtwootherplays.CharacterizestwocenturiesofEnglishhistoryfromRichardIIItoHenryVIII(1377-1547)ThereisonlyoneidealkingHe

52、nryVwhorepresentstheaspirationfornationalunityunderapowerfulandefficientmonarchy.TheimageofHenryV:HenryVisthesymbolofShakespearsidealkingship.Herepresentstheupsurgingpatriotismofthetime.IndepictingHenryVasaprinceandasaman,Shakespearelooksdeepintothepersonalityofhisheroandshowsaprofoundunderstandingo

53、fthepoliticsandsociallifeofthetime.Theme:Shakespeareshistoricalplaysdescribethedecayingoftheoldfeudalsocietyandtherisingofthenewforces.Hishistoricalplayssumupthenecessityfornationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereign.Theideaisanti-feudalinnature.TragedieSItisconcernedwiththeharshnessandinjusticeoflife

54、.Theyareoftenseriousplayswithsadendings.Oftentheherostragedyisduetoaweaknessinhisorhercharacterwhichbringsself-destruction.AweaknesssuchastheexcessiveprideofFaustus,theoverweeningambitionofMacbeth,ortheuncontrolledjealousyofOthello.InShakespearesplays,hesawsharpcontradictionsbetweenhisloftyhumanisti

55、cidealsandtheevilsocialforces.BackgroundforShakespearestragediesHebegantoobservelifewithpenetration,toexposemercilesslythecontradictionoftheElizabethansociety.TheeconomicalandsocialcrisiswhichbeganattheendofthereignofQueenElizabethcontinuedrightuptotheEnglishRevolution.Thebourgeoisieintendedtobreaku

56、ptheyokeofabsolutemonarchyandstruggledforfreedevelopment.Itwasinthisatmosphereofgeneralunrestthathecreatedhisgreattragedies.FourGreatTragediesAllanalyzingthehumanwickedness.Hamlet:theherosweaknessmakeshimvulnerableinfightingagainsttheoutwardevil.Othelloshowshowanoutwardevilmakesuseoftheherosweakness

57、andcauseshisfall.KingLeardemonstrateshowmansmistakesetsfreetheevilsoftreachery,hypocrisy,flattery,selfishnessanddistrust.Macbethrevealshowtheoutwardevilstirsupthewickednessinmananddestroyshim.Hamlet“HamletisconsideredthesummitofShakespearesart.Hamletisamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amano

58、fprofoundperceptionandsparklingwit.Heisascholar,soldierandstatesmanallcombined.HisimagereflectstheversatilityofthemanofRenaissance.Hamletsmelancholyisnotthenegative,over-subtleandfruitlesskind,itistheresultofhispenetratingmind.Itexpresses,inaway,thecrisisofhumanismattheendofthe16thandthebeginningoft

59、he17thcentury.theartisticfeaturesofhisplaysCharacterization:Byusingcomparisonandcontrasts,hedepictsagroupofindividualswithstronganddistinctpersonalities.ThemelancholyofHamlet,thewickednessofClaudiusandIago,thehonestyofOthello,ambitionofMacbethandthebeautyandwitofPortia.Psycho-analyticalstudy:Herevea

60、lstheintricateinnerworkingsofthecharactersmindsthroughthefulluseofsoliloquies（独白）.Structure:Hisplaysusu.havemorethanoneplot.Throughcontrastandparallel,themajorandminorplotsarewovenintoanorganicwhole.thedeviceofaplaywithintheplayalsoplaysanimportantpart.Language:ShakespeareisamasteroftheEnglishlangua